The baculovirus Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) initiates apoptosis in diverse insects through events triggered by virus DNA (vDNA) replication. To define the proapoptotic pathway and its role in antivirus defense, we investigated the link between the host's DNA damage response (DDR) and apoptosis. We report here that AcMNPV elicits a DDR in the model insect Dro...

Programmed death-1 (PD-1), an immunoinhibitory receptor on T cells, is known to be involved in immune evasion through its binding to PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in many chronic diseases. We previously found that PD-L1 expression was upregulated in cattle infected with bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and that an antibody that blocked the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction reactivated T-cell function in vitro. Therefore...

Today a newly emerged corona-virus known as SARS-CoV 2 has become cause of global health concern and took away the lives large number people throughout world. Corona-viruses are enveloped virus with positive single stranded genome 26.4 to 31.7 kb. Envelop is made up four structural proteins namely envelop protein (E), membrane (M), spike (S) nucleocapsid (N). These responsible for overall shape...

Pengobatan hepatitis C (HCV) beralih dari terapi berbasis PEG-interferon ke golongan Direct Acting Antiretroviral (DAA), namun biaya kombinasi DAA sangat mahal, sehingga perlu di tentukan yang paling tepat pada genotipe 1. Terdapat beberapa pedoman tatalaksana terapi, belum diketahui mana lebih efektif dan efisien tertentu. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk membandingkan cost effective dalam pengg...