Emotions can occur during an emotion-eliciting event, but they can also arise when anticipating the event. We used pupillary responses, as a measure of effortful cognitive processing, to test whether the anticipation of an emotional stimulus (positive and negative) influences the subsequent online processing of that emotional stimulus. Moreover, we tested whether individual differences in the h...

normal 0 false false false en-us x-none fa background: prevalence of mental disorders especially depression cause tremendous problems among university students. assessing this fact can help decision makers in planning and depression prevention strategies. this study aimed to assess depression and related factors among university students of bardsir in kerman, iran in 2011. methods: the study po...

A pervasive case of cost-benefit problem is how to allocate effort over time, i.e. deciding when to work and when to rest. An economic decision perspective would suggest that duration of effort is determined beforehand, depending on expected costs and benefits. However, the literature on exercise performance emphasizes that decisions are made on the fly, depending on physiological variables. He...

The present commentary addresses the function of visual anticipation in ball sports, redefines the concept of anticipation, and examines the theoretical consequences of the redefinition. Visual anticipation has traditionally been defined as the ability to predict a forthcoming event from incomplete cues. In this commentary, however, anticipation is defined as the ability to use prospective info...

Sustained anticipatory anxiety is central to Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). During anticipatory anxiety, phasic threat responding appears to be mediated by the amygdala, while sustained threat responding seems related to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Although sustained anticipatory anxiety in GAD patients was proposed to be associated with BNST activity alterations, firm ...

Dyspnea is common in many cardiorespiratory diseases. Already the anticipation of this aversive symptom elicits fear in many patients resulting in unfavorable health behaviors such as activity avoidance and sedentary lifestyle. This study investigated brain mechanisms underlying these anticipatory processes. We induced dyspnea using resistive-load breathing in healthy subjects during functional...

We describe a three generation family with Parkinson's disease showing autosomal dominant inheritance with extreme anticipation. Familial Parkinson's disease in three living generations is extremely rare, and anticipation is an unusual and interesting feature. Anticipation was shown in all generations and may have involved previous generations. Some cases of familial Parkinson's disease may the...