BACKGROUND: Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a cytokine of Th2 response and plays role as reducer or silencer Th1 work. It more related to allergic processes, with consequent loss control the disease (i.e., tuberculosis). Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) Type II interferon that inhibits immune inducts inhibit tuberculous viral replication, any immunostimulatory immunomodulatory effects. Dark specks (DS) are in ...

A 68-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of loss of appetite, easy fatigability, and skin pigmentation. Physical examination revealed that the bilateral epididymides were enlarged and hard without tenderness. At 7 a.m., the basal cortisol level in the plasma was 22.4 ng/ml and ACTH 318 pg/ml. The clinical diagnosis was Addison's disease. Biopsy of the right epididymis revealed evi...

INTRODUCTION The prevalence of tuberculosis is increasing and musculoskeletal tuberculosis, although currently rare, may become an important problem. CASE PRESENTATION We report the case of a 20-year-old Somalian man, who presented with an inversion injury to his ankle. When further history was taken, it transpired that he had sustained trauma to his ankle in Somalia 4 years previously, compl...

Here, we report a case of pleural paragonimiasis that was confused with tuberculous pleurisy. A 38-year-old man complained of a mild febrile sensation and pleuritic chest pain. Radiologic findings showed right pleural effusion with pleural thickening and subpleural consolidation. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in the pleural effusion was elevated (85.3 IU/L), whereas other examinations for ...

tuberculosis (tb) has become a rare disease in the developed countries but it is still a seriousproblem in developing countries. incidence of tuberculous osteomyelitis of the jaw bones is verylow. this rare incidence is the primary reason that this lesion gets mis‑diagnosed many times. herewe report the diagnosis, treatment and follow‑up of a case, which is a classical presentation oftuberculou...

Tuberculosis (TB) is a worldwide public health problem; however, primary tuberculous osteomyelitis involving the mandible is extremely rare. Here, we report a 14-year-old boy who presented with a recurrent, generalized swelling of the cheek in the right side, mimicking parotitis. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) from the swelling was inconclusive. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CE...

BACKGROUND: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis is one of the great mimickers of medicine, and often masquerades as malignancy. As a result, patients may be referred to oncologists and surgeons for further evaluation and management, delaying the institution of appropriate anti-tuberculous drug therapy. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 21 year old man with tuberculous osteomyelitis, who was r...

Of the two reported immunocompetent patients with an isolated cerebellar aspergilloma, one was an adult[3] and another was an infant (his immune status being debatable).[4] The source of infection in our patient is unclear. Though Aspergillus is known to reside in tuberculous cavities, the chest X-rays did not reveal cavitatory lesions or a fungal ball. The other possibility is that he suffered...

A 29-yr-old man, presented with abdominal pain and fever, had an initial computed tomography (CT) scan revealing low attenuation of both adrenal glands. The initial concern was for tuberculous adrenalitis or autoimmune adrenalitis combined with adrenal hemorrhage. The patient started empirical anti-tuberculous medication, but there was no improvement. Enlargement of cervical lymph nodes were de...