AIMS To describe a large series of children with anoxic-epileptic seizures (AES)--that is, epileptic seizures induced by syncopes. METHODS Retrospective case-note review in a tertiary paediatric neurology unit. For all 27 children seen with a definite diagnosis of AES between 1972 and 2002, a review of clinical histories, videotapes, and EEG/ECG studies was undertaken. Main outcome measures w...

Epilepsy is a complex disease that evolves throughout patients’ lives. For many, seizure management requires escalation from single-drug therapy to multi-drug therapy, adjuvant placement of a vagal nerve stimulation (VNS), and ultimately surgical resection or laser-ablation of the epileptic focus [1]. However, if the seizure focus lies within a region of movement or speech eloquence, lesioning ...

Drugs administered for anesthesia can trigger seizure attacks in patients with epilepsy. Benzodiazepines have been consistently reported to be anticonvulsants, and a novel benzodiazepine, remimazolam, was recently introduced. We report case of total intravenous maintained remimazolam patient epilepsy who underwent deep brain stimulation both anterior thalamic nuclei. Despite the administration ...

Epilepsy is three to six times more frequent in multiple sclerosis than in the general adult population. The probable anatomic basis for the seizures is areas of inflammation and demyelination in the cortex and juxtacortical white matter. Partial epilepsies with focal seizures often with atypical symptoms and with or without secondary generalisation are the usual pattern. Seizures can be observ...

Sudden unexplained/unexpected death (SUDEP) in epilepsy is a major cause of death accounting for 7-17% of the mortality among epileptic patients. Prolongation of QT-interval has been issued as a major mechanism in SUDEP since it is associated with fatal cardiac arrhythmias. This condition may be further precipitated by anti-epileptic treatment. Despite thorough literature research, we did not f...

It is hypothesised that focal interictal epileptiform discharges (IED) may exert a deleterious effect on behaviour and cognition in children. This hypothesis is supported by the abnormally high prevalence of IED in several developmental disorders, like specific language impairment, and of cognitive and behavioural deficits in epileptic children after excluding confounding factors such as underl...

The role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in epilepsy has evolved from an obstacle for drug brain delivery to an etiological factor contributing to seizures. Recent evidence has shown cerebrovascular angiogenesis and increased BBB permeability in the epileptic foci of patients and in experimental models of seizure. The molecular players involved in cerebrovascular remodeling in the epileptic br...

Anti N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is one of the most common types of autoimmune synaptic encephalitis. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis commonly occurs in young women with ovarian teratoma. It has variable clinical manifestations and treatment responses. Sometimes it is misdiagnosed as a psychiatric disorder or viral encephalitis. To the best of our knowledge, anti-NMDA rece...

Voltage-gated potassium channel complex antibodies, particularly those directed against leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1, are associated with a common form of limbic encephalitis that presents with cognitive impairment and seizures. Faciobrachial dystonic seizures have recently been reported as immunotherapy-responsive, brief, frequent events that often predate the cognitive impairment associa...

Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are angiographically occult and consist of a honeycomb-like, low-pressure bed of ectatic vasculature with no intervening neural tissue. Although most cases are sporadic, there are several familial forms. A hemosiderin rim frequently exists from repeated microhemorrhage, leading to reactive cortical gliosis. Because there are no neurons within a cavernous ...