Phase-shifting interferometry with a genetic algorithm is proposed. The correction of unknown phase-shifting error is an important task in general phase-shifting interferometry. Since phase-shifting errors generate twin image noise in a reconstructed image, we can reduce the phase-shifting errors indirectly by trying to eliminate the twin-image noise in the reconstructed image. By Zernike polyn...

In this paper we present a vertical-cavity enhanced resonant thermal emitter—a highly directional, narrowband, tunable, partially coherent thermal source. This device enhances thermal emittance of a metallic or any other highly reflective structure to unity near a cavity resonant frequency. The structure consists of a planar metallic surface e.g., silver, tungsten , a dielectric layer on top of...

Past studies have shown that beams reflected by a single dielectric interface exhibit lateral and focal shifts under total-reflection conditions or angular shifts if a partial reflection regime is maintained. We investigate these effects for Gaussian beams incident upon multilayered media by using an analysis that treats the three beam-shifting phenomena in a unified manner. This approach revea...

A method based on phase-shifting Fizeau interferometry is presented with which retroreflectors with large incoming-outgoing beam separations can be tested. The method relies on a flat Reference Bar that is used to align two auxiliary mirrors parallel to each other to extend the aperture of the interferometer. The method is applied to measure the beam coalignment of a prototype Triple Mirror Ass...

The ever-increasing brightness of synchrotron radiation sources demands improved X-ray optics to utilise their capability for imaging and probing biological cells, nanodevices, and functional matter on the nanometer scale with chemical sensitivity. Here we demonstrate focusing a hard X-ray beam to an 8 nm focus using a volume zone plate (also referred to as a wedged multilayer Laue lens). This ...

BACKGROUND Uganda has a severe health worker shortage and a high demand for health care services. This study aimed to assess the policy and programmatic implications of task shifting in Uganda. METHODS This was a qualitative, descriptive study through 34 key informant interviews and eight (8) focus group discussions, with participants from various levels of the health system. RESULTS Policy...

Thermal energy storage (TES) system has been introduced as a practical facility for shifting load from peak hours to off-peak hours. Because of different energy consumption during day and night, peak and off peak period is created on load curve. Ice storage technology which is a kind of TES system, is implemented in different points of the world with the purpose of solving load shifting problem...

A precise prediction of the rolling force is critical to ensure quality final product, especially in cold thin strips. Based on this, a new mathematical model developed work out when considering roll crossing angle and shifting values at speed ratios 1.1, 1.2 1.3. An iterative method was used indicate contact area shape, from which automatically calculated using Matlab™ code for cases cross ang...

We explore electromagnetic (EM) wave incidence upon gratings of reconfigurable metamaterial cylinders, which collectively act as a metagrating, to identify their potential subwavelength surfaces. The metacylinders are created by closely spaced, microstructured array thin plates that, in the limit small inter-plate spacing, described semi-analytical continuum model. build metacylinder analysis w...

Proteins carrying nuclear export signals cooperatively assemble with the export factor CRM1 and the effector protein RanGTP. In lower eukaryotes, this cooperativity is coupled to CRM1 conformational changes; however, it is unknown if mammalian CRM1 maintains its compact conformation or shows similar structural flexibility. Here, combinations of small-angle X-ray solution scattering and electron...