The efficacy of the Hedges and colleagues, Rosenthal-Rubin, and Hunter-Schmidt methods for combining correlation coefficients was tested for cases in which population effect sizes were both fixed and variable. After a brief tutorial on these meta-analytic methods, the author presents two Monte Carlo simulations that compare these methods for cases in which the number of studies in the meta-anal...

Numerical information is very common in all kinds of documents from newspapers and magazines to household bills and wage slips. However, many people find it difficult to understand, particularly people with poor education and disabilities. Sometimes numerical information is presented with hedges that modify the meaning. A numerical hedge is a word or phrase employed to indicate explicitly that ...

Hedging is a behavior wherein speakers or writers attempt to distance themselves from the proposition they are communicating. Hedge terms include items such as ”I think X” or ”It’s sort of Y”. Identifying such behaviors is important for extracting meaning from speech and text, and can also reveal information about the social and power relations between the conversants. Yet little research has b...

Finite-state chunking and tagging methods are very fast for annotating nonhierarchical syntactic information, and are often applied in applications that do not require full syntactic analyses. Scenarios such as incremental machine translation may benefit from some degree of hierarchical syntactic analysis without requiring fully connected parses. We introduce hedge parsing as an approach to rec...

This paper describes our system about detecting hedges and their scope in natural language texts for our participation in CoNLL2010 shared tasks. We formalize these two tasks as sequence labeling problems, and implement them using conditional random fields (CRFs) model. In the first task, we use a greedy forward procedure to select features for the classifier. These features include part-ofspee...

Uncertainty is an important linguistic phenomenon that is relevant in many areas of language processing. While earlier research mostly concentrated on the semantic aspects of uncertainty, here we focus on discourseand pragmaticsrelated aspects of uncertainty. We present a classification of such linguistic phenomena and introduce a corpus of Wikipedia articles in which the presented types of dis...