r&d; is one of the most important and suitable strategies government’s policies for increasing of agricultural production and supply. in this study, in addition of economic evaluation of agricultural r&d; and determination of its rate of return, optimal iran’s agricultural r&d; expenditure is determined. so, in this article, ex-post and ex-ante evaluation by using of mathematical programming ap...

How do individual preferences over welfare spending respond to economic hard times? In this paper we reconcile two prominent, opposing expectations: that recessions lead to a ‘hunkering down’ such that individuals become less favorable to taxation and expenditure; and that downturns, being associated with increases in risk, should lead to increased demand for government expenditure. We present ...

in this paper, we develop a ramsey-type endogenous growth model in which government spending on property rights protection is a major determinant of economic growth. this model includes equations for welfare, private and public sectors production. we introduce the legal efficiency into private production function, and x-inefficiency parameter into public production function. also, we consider t...

Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to obtain the optimal amount of expenses of government relating to the protection of property rights (PPRs). To achieve these purposes we have introduced concept of social intelligence with respect to PPRs and then developed different growth model from existing literature. In the second step the optimal share of government spending on the PPRs is calcu...

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect budget execution, bureaucratic reform, and organizational commitment absorption with quality human resources as a moderating variable in regional government organizations North Tapanuli Regency. population used all apparatus Regency Government, totaling 45 (forty five) organizations. sampling technique carried out by census method or saturated...