Soils support an enormous microbial diversity, but the ecological drivers of this diversity are poorly understood. Interactions between the roots of individual grass species and the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and bacteria in their rhizoplane were studied in a grazed, unimproved upland pasture. Individual root fragments were isolated from soil cores, DNA extracted and used to identify pla...

A number of studies have shown that an association with mycorrhizal fungi can alter the outcome of interactions between plants and their enemies. While the directions of these effects vary, their strength suggests the need for greater attention to multispecies interactions among plant enemies, plants, and mycorrhizal fungi. We recognize that mycorrhizal fungi could effect plant enemies by impro...

While the effects of habitat size and isolation have been successfully studied for macro-organisms, there is currently debate about their relative importance in explaining patterns of microbial species richness. In this study, we examine the species richness of a dominant group of eukaryotic soil microbes, ectomycorrhizal fungi, on 'tree islands' of constant age and host composition that range ...

The design of a novel anamorphic optofluidic imaging system based on pair liquid lenses whose toroidal surfaces create different optical powers in the symmetry-axes is presented. Using electrowetting-ondieletrics for actuation, cylindrical fluidic actuated by 32 azimuthally-distributed electrodes allowing definition non-rotationally-symmetric surface shapes. We present and simulation this show ...

Short-pulse measurements using a streak camera are sensitive to space-charge broadening, which depends on the pulse duration and shape, and on the uniformity of photocathode illumination. An anamorphic-diffuser-based beam-homogenizing system and a space-charge-broadening calibration method were developed to accurately measure short pulses using an optical streak camera. This approach provides a...

The Wigner distribution of rotationally symmetric partially coherent light is considered and the constraints for its moments are derived. While all odd-order moments vanish, these constraints lead to a drastic reduction in the number of parameters that we need to describe all evenorder moments. A way to measure the moments as intensity moments in the output planes of (generally anamorphic but s...

The phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity of the basidiomycetous yeast species Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae was investigated in a group of recent isolates and collection strains. A polyphasic taxonomic approach was followed which included micromorphological studies, nuclear staining, determination of sexual compatibility, physiological characterization, comparison of electrophoretic isoenzyme p...

The species-rich family Mycosphaerellaceae contains considerable morphological diversity and includes numerous anamorphic genera, many of which are economically important plant pathogens. Recent revisions and phylogenetic research have resulted in taxonomic instability. Ameliorating this problem requires phylogenetic placement of type species of key genera. We present an examination of the type...

members of erysiphales cause powdery mildew diseases on wide host rang and produce whitish primary mycelium on surface of infected parts. based on microscopic study of one specimen on jasminum sp., structures of fungus including conidiophores and conidia were observed. foot cells of conidiophores were cylindrical or curved in basal part, followed by 1-2 shorter cells. conidia were ellipsoid to ...

during 2009–10, cheese samples were collected from shops and cheese factories in fars and khuzestan provinces. isolates were recovered from cheese using malt extract agar (mea) and potato dextrose agar (pda). teleomorphic characteristics such as morphology of ascocarps, asci, ascospores and anamorphic characteristics such as conidiophores, phialides, conidia and chlamydospores were investigated...