Solving traffic equilibrium problem, or “traffic assignment”, as the last step in Transportation Planning, distributes OD trip demands of a transportation network over the network links with regard to Traffic Equilibrium Law, and estimates the link flows. In formulations of traffic equilibrium which are based on path saving, the memory consumption is considerably affected by the number of effct...

according to common law rules of england, obligation by one party is enforceable when the other has provided a consideration or the contract has been put in a deed. in some common law jurisdictions, such as australia, canada and the united states, another doctrine, named reasonable reliance, has developed, which could act as surrogate for the doctrine of consideration. english courts, however, ...

Acceptable logic programs have been studied extensively in the context of proving termination of Prolog programs. It is diicult, however, to establish acceptability from the deenition since this depends on nding a suitable model, which need not be a Herbrand model in general, together with a suitable level mapping that one can use to check the conditions which characterize acceptability. In thi...

Roughly three decades ago, the political dimensions of decision making about the technological hazards embedded in contemporary societies became publicly visible, provoking the emergence of a new politics of risk. Public controversies about what constituted “acceptable risk,” and who should decide and how, proliferated in a wide range of technical domains. Social movements challenged expert def...

in the old law, the government had no civil liability and gradually through legal regimes mentioned this responsibility. in iranian law, civil liability of government is proposed apparently in article 11 of the law of civil liability that was adapted from old theory of the 19th century in french. however, the analysis of aforementioned article shows that the government's civil liability si...

Treatment of same-sex couples using infertility therapies has become more acceptable over the years, but remains controversial. In December 2005, two law changes came into force in the UK that impact same-sex couples. Firstly, the Civil Partnership Act 2004 acknowledged legal relationships between same-sex couples; and secondly, the Adoption and Children Act 2002 allowed same-sex couples to ado...

This study focuses on how founding institutions impact intraorganizational capabilities and how such imprints may have different external manifestations in subsequent historical eras. We introduce the concept of exaptation to organizational theory, identifying an important process whereby the historical origin of a capability differs from its current usefulness. Three founding conditions—branch...

After prolonged periods of criminalisation, 20th and 21st century law reform has now moved abortion care closer to being regulated as health in all Australian jurisdictions. However, no jurisdiction yet tested the proposition that specific laws for are unnecessary. This article analyses capability law, policy ethics regulate comprehensively, without need either stand-alone or special provisions...

An optimal strategy based on minimum effort control and also with terminal positionconstraint is developed for an exoatmospheric interceptor with a fixed- interval guidance time. It isthen integrated with sliding-mode control theory to drive an optimal sliding-mode guidance law forfixed-interval guidance time. In addition, this guidance law is generalized for intercepting anarbitrarily time-var...