The forces acting on the substrate in intermittent-contact-mode (IC mode, tapping mode) atomic force microscopy are not accessible to a direct measurement. For an estimation of these forces, a simple analytical model is developed by considering only the shift of the cantilever resonance frequency caused by Hertzian (contact) forces. Based on the relationship between frequency shift and tip–samp...

In this paper, we investigates the effects of two different modulation schemes for image transmission using an OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) transceiver. The main aim is to evaluate the performance between 16PSK (Phase Shift Keying) and 16QAM (Quadrature amplitude modulation) in context of BER (Bit Error Rate) in AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) channel. We evaluate the ...

The comparison of symbol error probability(SEP) for different M-ary modulation techniques over slow, flat, identically independently distributed Rician fading channel is presented in this paper. Because fading is one of the major limitations in wireless communication, so modulation technique with diversity is used to transmit message signal efficiently. Exact analysis of symbol error probabilit...

Electroencephalographic changes were studied in anaesthetised rats, subjecting them to the mechanical compression of spinal cord. The EEG waves that were studied-Alpha, Theta, and Delta. The changes in these waves and shift from one pattern to another after the compression of the spinal cord at the Lumbar level. These waves were subjected Fourier analysis. The results show remarkable changes in...

Two scenarios of possible ion heating due to finite amplitude parallel propagating Alfvén waves in the solar atmosphere are investigated using a 1D test particle approach. 1. An finite amplitude Alfvén wave is instantly introduced into a plasma (or equivalently, new ions are instantly created). 2. New ions are constantly created. In both scenarios, ions will be picked up by the Alfvén wave. In ...

Serotonin (5-HT) has both direct and modulatory actions on central neurons contributing to behavioral arousal and cellular-synaptic plasticity in diverse species. In Hermissenda, 5-HT produces changes in intrinsic excitability of different types of identified interneurons in the circumesophageal nervous system. Using whole cell patch-clamp techniques we have examined membrane conductance change...

In view of the strong self-interference problem when practical phased array system is simultaneously applied for transmission and reception, under constraints including limited quantization number, constant envelope amplitude, scanning mode, wideband signal etc., this work studies it proposes amplitude-phase joint adjustment method phase-only beamforming optimization. Through digital simulation...

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) adapts to both the external light-dark (LD) cycle and seasonal changes in day length. In short photoperiods, single-cell activity patterns are tightly synchronized (i.e., in phase); in long photoperiods, these patterns are relatively dispersed, causing lower amplitude rhythms. The limit cycle oscillator has been used to describe the SCN's circadian rhythmicity ...