abiotic factors, as topographic and physicochemical properties of soil, are the most important effective factor on vegetation in rangeland ecosystems which have the most important performances to forming and succession of plant vegetation. ecologic management of rangelands can be desired by better understanding of these effective factors. then, rangeland of javaherdeh (ramsar) in the northern a...

tehran shomal highway passes through alborz mountains with a tunnel length of 6400 meters. there are two main tunnels. a full three-dimensional (3d) numerical analysis coupled with elasto-plastic material models was conducted on the inclined access tunnel. bending moment, axial force and the lining displacements due to the internal forces applied on the shotcrete lining are calculated. axial fo...

When attempts to eradicate an introduced pest species fail and it becomes established, barrier zones are often used to stop or to slow the spread of the population into uninfested areas. The U.S. Forest Service is currently conducting a Slow-the-Spread (STS) pilot project to evaluate the feasibility of slowing the spread of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) in several areas along the populat...

The socio-ecological system dominated by pastureland in the Asteroussia Mountains (Crete, Greece) was analyzed over a long time interval (1945–2010) to identify the most relevant system’s characteristics and changes. Vegetation cover and land-uses have been quantified by analyzing aerial photographs exploring the whole study period. Soil characteristics have been assessed by carrying out an ext...

It is well corroborated that the earth is relentlessly bubbling inside since its birth and traversing continuously through a geological change. The source of this dynamism is the heat stored inside i.e. the geothermal energy, which is believed to be the product of mainly the decay of natural radio-isotopes in the crust and mantle, and in the core of earth. This heat exerts pressure towards the ...

— A very small of species Myotis in the Myotis daubentoni group was found in a valley of the foothills of the Annamit Mountains, Quan Binh Province, Vietnam. Thirteen specimens of this bat were compared with other Eurasian big-footed bats. Analysis of external and skull morphology indicate this Vietnamese form should be described as a new species. Compared to other species of Myotis the new tax...

The provision of seed at feeders improves the survivorship of birds, facilitates range expansions, and influences habitat choice. In this paper, I examine the notion that bird feeding in northern parts of North America can short-stop the irruptive migrations of fringillids. Indirect data to support an increase in bird feeding over the past 25 years are provided. Using an area bounded by the App...

– This study analysed the spatial structure of the Carpathian Mountains, in Central Europe, considering it a unit that extends across national boundaries, and assessing the suitability of areas were wolves could be conserved. Physical characteristics of the area were extracted from NOAA-AVHRR NDVI. A set of 9 images from different periods of the year was used to parameterise the phenological va...

The paper begins with the question “Do mountains exist?” It shows that providing an answer to this question is surprisingly difficult, and that the answer which one gives depends on the context in which the question is posed. Mountains clearly exist as real correlates of everyday human thought and action, and they form the archetype for geographic objects. Yet individual mountains lack many of ...