In this article, we review five health care cost-containment efforts from 1971 to the present and summarize key research findings on the effects of each on cost, quality, and access. These efforts include the Nixon Economic Stabilization Program (ESP), Carter-era hospital cost-containment efforts, Medicare hospital and physician payment, and State hospital ratesetting programs. The purpose of t...

Dengue, endemic in Puerto Rico, reached a record high in 2010. To inform policy makers, we derived annual economic cost. We assessed direct and indirect costs of hospitalized and ambulatory dengue illness in 2010 dollars through surveillance data and interviews with 100 laboratory-confirmed dengue patients treated in 2008-2010. We corrected for underreporting by using setting-specific expansion...

In this paper we present the extension of the copula approach to ag-gregation functions. In fact we want to focus on a class of aggregation functions and present them in the multi linear form with marginal copu-lae. Moreover we will define also the joint aggregation density function.

On average, higher levels of such investments raise production by increasing the productivity of the labor force. While the significance of shortterm changes in business investment is less widely recognized, the importance of such changes for the business cycle has been known to economists since the beginning of the last century. For example, many believe that the current record expansion has b...

introduction: mineral trioxide aggregate is being widely used for root end filling, pulp capping, perforation repair, and other endodontic procedures. recently, a material similar to proroot mineral trioxide aggregate (pmta) was developed in iran named root mineral trioxide aggregate (rmta) with the claim of having the exact result of original mta. the purpose of this study was to compare the a...

Minimizing Aggregate Movements for Interval Coverage