the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2dm) is rising dramatically in the middle east, especially in the islamic republic of iran, but the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes in iran is poorly understood. polymorphisms of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α (hnf-1α) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (glp-1r) genes showed association with type 2 diabetes in several ethnic groups. in this study, w...

An association between exposure to a risk factor and age-at-onset of disease may reflect an effect on the rate of disease occurrence or an acceleration of the disease process. The difference in age-at-onset arising from case-only studies, however, may also reflect secular trends in the prevalence of exposure to the risk factor. Comparisons of age-at-onset associated with risk factors are common...

Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most prevalent lethal chronic genetic and multivariate disease, widespread in Iranian population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the condition of patients with CF from various dimensions in the last decades in Iran.<b...

introduction : according to drug gateway theory, smoking cigarette, especially, low onset age of smoking, is one of the risk factors for future use. objective the present study deals with comparison of nicotine addicts and opiate addicts in order to identify that what differences in personality traits and onset age of smoking exist in these two groups that cause some individuals to appeal to ot...

• duchenne muscular dystrophy o onset 3 to 5 yrs o clinical § weakness o distribution § proximal > distal § symmetric § legs & arms § most involved muscles: adductor magnus in legs § relatively spared muscles: gracilis & sartorius o course § reduced motor function by 2 to 3 years § steady decline in strength: after 6 to 11 years o gowers sign: standing up with the aid of hands pushing on knees ...