Abstract Epidemics of Scots pine blister rust, caused by Cronartium pini, have become an increasing problem in northern Finland and Sweden. The biology the rust fungus is complex, with two different life cycle forms that cannot be morphologically distinguished, it unclear to what extent contribute epidemics. Genetic structure fourteen populations C. pini were investigated Fennoscandia. Distinct...

Individual variation in ecologically important features of organisms is a crucial element in ecology and evolution, yet disentangling its underlying causes is difficult in natural populations. We applied a genomic scan approach using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers to quantify the genetic basis of long-term individual differences in herbivory by mammals at a wild populatio...

pomegranate (punica granatum l. that one punicaceae) is one of the important economical and commercial horticultural plants cultivated in arid and semiarid parts of iran. also, due to the long history of pomegranate cultivation in iran, genotypes from different regions with obvious similarities in appearance but with different names can be observed. thus, the precise discrimination between .gen...