in one pole of the continuum of language learning, theoreticians and practitioners traditionally consider english as english as a second language or english as a foreign language. however, in the other pole of this continuum where english is thought of as the most effective tool for international communication, it is referred to as a lingua franca. those who favor an approach to english growing...

this thesis attempts to investigate the effects of prelistening activities on enhancing iranian efl learners` listening comprehension. the present study investigated ways in which learners` background knowledge could be activated in order to enhance their l2 listening comprehension by limiting the number of possible text interpretations prior to listening. the experiments conducted in this stud...

By upcoming of the fabrication of hadiths and its penetration into hadith resources, distinction between the original and fabricated hadiths became one of the important priorities of hadith scholars. One way to achieve this end is to study the masters of hadith and try to discover the characteristics of each narrator. In the periods near to the origin of hadiths which is also near to the time o...

Background: The convicted mental illness is one of challenging issues in criminal law that requires the formulation of rules that require consultation with experts in the psychiatry and the use of their skills. Iran's criminal policy has ignored this issue and the consequence is that the notion of insanity in sentencing regulations remains condemned, along with some of the mental illnesses that...

heteropoly acids (hpa) and their salts have advantages as catalysts which make them both economically and environmentally attractive, strong br?nsted acidity, exhibiting fast reversible multi-electron redox transformations under rather mild conditions, very high solubility in polar solvents, fairly high thermal stability in the solid states, and efficient oxidizing ability, so that they are imp...

Since the beginning of the Imamia school of thought, Imamia scholars paid a great attention to issue of physicians’ responsibility. With a long-lasting debate on this issue, in most cases they have confirmed physician’s responsibility in medical error. However, in terms of a skilled medical doctor who treats the patient with no medical error but harm occurs, there is no consensus. Some scholars...

in the past couple of decades sociocultural theory of sla and its implications in efl contexts have attracted attentions of research circles worldwide and aroused some controversies. firth and wagner (1997) have questioned the principles of the cognitive view which gives importance to mental constructs in favor of sociocultural view which highlights social and contextual constructs. but if soci...