The udder is a very big organ weighing, around 50 kg (including milk and blood). However, weights up to 100 kg have been reported. Therefore, the udder has to be very well attached to the skeleton and muscles. The median ligaments are composed of elastic fibrous tissue, while the lateral ligaments are composed of connective tissue with less elasticity. If the ligaments weaken the udder will bec...

This study was designed to assess the effect of strength and power training on throwing velocity and muscle strength in handball players according to their playing positions. Twenty-two male handball players were assigned to either an experimental group (n=11) or a control group (n=11) (age: 22.1 ± 3.0 years). They were asked to complete (i) the ball throwing velocity test and (ii) the one-repe...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the cardiac autonomic responses during upper versus lower limb discontinuous resistance exercise (RE) at different loads in healthy older men. METHOD Ten volunteers (65±1.2 years) underwent the one-repetition maximum (1RM) test to determine the maximum load for the bench press and the leg press. Discontinuous RE was initiated at a load of 10%1RM with subsequent increa...

The purpose of this study was to identify relationships between core stability and various strength and power variables in strength and power athletes. National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football players (height 184.0 +/- 7.1 cm, weight 100.5 +/- 22.4 kg) completed strength and performance testing before off-season conditioning. Subjects were tested on three strength variables ...

At the start of a rowing race, the boat is accelerated and the force on the oars reaches between 1000 and 1500 N. During the race, the speed is maintained at a lower level with a peak rowing force of 500-700 N for 210-230 strokes for about 6.5 min. Rowers are adapted to this effort by a large muscle mass and high metabolic capacities. The muscles of successful rowers demonstrate 70%-85% slow-tw...

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in combination with indocyanine green (ICG) dye has recently been used to measure respiratory muscle blood flow (RMBF) in humans. This method is based on the Fick principle and is determined by measuring ICG in the respiratory muscles using transcutaneous NIRS in relation to the [ICG] in arterial blood as measured using photodensitometry. This method is invasiv...

This study compared the acute and chronic response of circulating plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to high-intensity low-volume (HI) and low-intensity high volume (HV) resistance training. Twenty experienced resistance-trained men (23.5 ± 2.6 y, 1.79 ± 0.05 m, 75.7 ± 13.8 kg) volunteered for this study. Before the resistance training program (PRE), participants performed an acute...

abstract: adequate processing of tissues before histologic slices is necessary for preparation of proper histologic sections in animal studies. fixation is one of the most important and early laboratory stages of tissue processing. amount of penetration time of fixator material, into deep layers and central portions of hard tissues, is important factor for prevention of cell lysis. the purpose ...

The aim of this study was to investigate the heart rate variability (HRV) after resistance training with and without vascular occlusion. It was hypothesized that low intensity (LI) with vascular occlusion (LIO) would elicit comparable postexercise HRV responses with that of high intensity (HI) without vascular occlusion. Nine subjects undertook 4 experimental sessions of leg press exercise on d...

This study examines the relationships between ultrasonography measurements of skeletal muscle size and echo intensity (EI) with strength local endurance in a habitually resistance-trained population. Twenty young, healthy participants underwent imaging biceps brachii sagittal transverse planes extended field view (EFOV) technique. Linear regression was used to examine measures thickness (MT), c...