The electromagnetic emission rates at SPS energies satisfy spectral constraints in leading order in the pion and nucleon densities. These constraints follow from the strictures of broken chiral symmetry. We saturate these constraints using available data, leading to model independent emission rates from a hadronic gas. With a simple fire-ball scenario, only large nucleon densities may account f...

The radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) is a quantity of fundamental importance to the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program. Thus, it is necessary to measure the radiation budget components, broadband shortwave albedo and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), as accurately as possible. Measurement of OLR over the ARM surface sites has only been possible since the advent ...

Based on surface radiation balance data and meteorological observations at 19 radiation stations in China from 1993 to 2012, we assessed the applicability of seven empirical formulas for the estimation of monthly surface net long-wave radiation (Rnl). We then established a revised method applicable to China by re-fitting the formula using new observational data. The iterative solution method an...