Antipsychotic drugs suppress animals' ability to avoid an aversive stimulus in the conditioned avoidance response model (CAR). This behavioral effect is thought to reflect antipsychotic activity and is suggested to be mediated by a drug's action in attenuating the motivational salience of a conditioned stimulus (CS). In the present study, we tested whether atypical antipsychotic drugs clozapine...

In rats, the pharmacological (interoceptive) effects of nicotine can serve as a signal (conditional stimulus) in a Pavlovian (classical) conditioning task. In this task, nicotine administration (0.4 mg base/kg, subcutaneous) is typically paired with intermittent access to a liquid sucrose unconditional stimulus; sucrose is withheld on saline sessions. An increase in sucrose receptacle entries (...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Community hospitals often lack tertiary care support such as pediatric intensivists and anesthesiologists. Resuscitation of critically ill and injured children in community hospitals requires a well-coordinated team effort, because good team performance improves quality of care. The lack of subspecialty support makes team coordination and communication more imperative y...

OBJECTIVE The purposes of this study were to (1) examine the feasibility of translating high-repetition doses of upper-extremity (UE) task-specific training to people with stroke within the confines of the current outpatient delivery system of 1-hour therapy sessions and (2) to gather preliminary data regarding the potential benefit of this intensity of training. METHODS A total of 15 patient...

Abstract Aim Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, ward-based teaching to medical students has been disrupted. Remote platform options have emerged and encourage inter-regional collaborations in learning. This style is likely remain. We report on our course elucidate factors that could guide iterative improvement. Method The authors organized a 12-week, 36-session for nationally. Each week, one uni...

In unimanual reaction times (RT) to lateralized flashes, contralateral responses tend to be slower than ipsilateral responses. This has been called Crossed-Uncrossed Difference (CUD). The CUD tends to show variability across subjects and across studies, but until now the stability of the CUD in an individual subject has not been investigated. To address the role of inter- and intra-subject vari...

BACKGROUND Photobiomodulation using low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been tested as a new technique to optimize recovery of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aim of this study is to evaluate inhibitory attentional control after 18 sessions of active LLLT and compare with the placebo group (sham LLLT). Our exploratory analysis will evaluate the efficacy of the active LLLT on verb...

Importance More research is required to clarify the association between physical activity and health in "weekend warriors" who perform all their exercise in 1 or 2 sessions per week. Objective To investigate associations between the weekend warrior and other physical activity patterns and the risks for all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality. Design, Setting, and Parti...

Methods: 20 horses performed the 3 different SET’s within 12 days. After this the horses were separated into three groups. Each group would perform a specific interval training method (ITM). Group 1 performed an interval training program that included gallop at an outdoor track at V4 which was calculated for the individual horse (ITM1). Group 2 performed sprint exercise on a 20 x 60 m indoor ar...