[1] Human activities have increased tropospheric ozone, contributing to 20th-century warming. Using the spatial and temporal distribution of precursor emissions, we simulated tropospheric ozone from 1890 to 1990 using the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) chemistry model. Archived three-dimensional ozone fields were then used in transient GISS climate model simulations. This enabl...

We analyze the evolution of cumulative national shares of Nobel Prizes since 1901, properly taking into account that most prizes were divided among several laureates. We rank by citizenship at the moment of the award, and by country of birth. Surprisingly, graphs of this type have not been published before, even though they powerfully illustrate the century’s migration patterns (brain drains an...

Enormous progress has been made in zoology during the 20th century, largely due to a multitude of clever new technological advances: electron microscopes, oscilloscopes, radioisotopes, radiotelemetry, digital and satellite imagery, PCR and DNA sequencing, global positioning systems (GPS), rapid and affordable travel, unimaginable computing prowess, faxes and email. All this new technology has a...

Global mean temperature at the Earth's surface responds both to externally imposed forcings, such as those arising from anthropogenic greenhouse gases, as well as to natural modes of variability internal to the climate system. Variability associated with these latter processes, generally referred to as natural long-term climate variability, arises primarily from changes in oceanic circulation. ...

Glaucoma involves a characteristic optic neuropathy, often with elevated intraocular pressure. Before 1850, poor vision with a normal eye appearance, as occurs in primary open-angle glaucoma, was termed amaurosis, gutta serena, or black cataract. Few observers noted palpable hardness of the eye in amaurosis. On the other hand, angle-closure glaucoma can produce a green or gray pupil, and theref...

Spacewatch has carried out a full-time digital survey of the opposition region since September 1990. 129 Near-Earth asteroids have been discovered through the April 1996 observing run. Other discoveries include an average of about 2000 main-belt asteroids each lunation, 3 new Cenataur asteroids, and 5 comets (including a re-discovery of a long-lost comet). The present reduction methods and capa...

By “number theory” I mean algebraic number theory, and by Part 1, roughly the years 1900–1940. The treatment is very sketchy; I hope at some later date to cover the rest of the century and to fill in some of the gaps and correct any errors in this hasty account. At the end of the 19th century, Kurt Hensel introduced the idea of the completion kv of a field k with respect to a discrete valuation...

Ocean measurements in the Ross Sea over the past four decades, one of the longest records near Antarctica, reveal marked decreases in shelf water salinity and the surface salinity within the Ross Gyre. These changes have been accompanied by atmospheric warming on Ross Island, ocean warming at depths of approximately 300 meters north of the continental shelf, a more negative Southern Oscillation...

This paper discusses the role of medicine, ranging from the normative and technological control of women's sexuality ad reproductive process (childbirth, breastfeeding, contraception, and treatment of infertility) through the construction of a new (biological and social) reproductive model, based on a radical change of identities, relations, and forms of union between the sexes (a break with th...