GPS multipath reflectometry (GPS-MR) is a technique that uses geodetic quality GPS receivers to estimate snow depth. The accuracy and precision of GPS-MR retrievals are evaluated at three different sites: grasslands, alpine, and forested. The assessment yields a correlation of 0.98 and an rms error of 6–8 cm for observed snow depths of up to 2.5 m. GPS-MR underestimates in situ snow depth by 10...

Delineating the depth and extent of the watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thumb.) Matsum. & Nak.] root zone assists with proper irrigation management and minimizes nutrient leaching. The objective of this 3-year field study was to measure root distribution and root length density of watermelon (cv. Wrigley) grafted on two different rootstocks (Lagenaria siceraria cv. ‘FR Strong’ and Cucurbita mosc...

introduction:  on  the  basis  of  percent  depth  dose  (pdd)  calculation,  the  application  of  dosimetry  in  radiotherapy  has  an  important  role  to  play  in  reducing  the  chance  of  tumor  recurrence. the aim of this study is to introduce a new formula for calculating the centeral axis  percent depth doses of cobalt-60 beam.   materials and methods: in the present study, based on ...

Systematic studies of identification efficiency for e/n/p were performed in a variety of noble gas mixtures and in pure hydrocarbons at pressures up to 5 atm using a 15 GeV/c tagged beam. Neon mixtures were found to give the best results (6.7 (I n/p separation at 1 atm). Replacing the conventionally used argon by neon would permit a reduction of detector depth by almost a factor of two. The mea...

This study evaluated the effect of preliminary irradiation on the depth of cure and Knoop hardness of a veneering composite. The composite was filled into a mold, and irradiated with different irradiation duration or irradiance. After removing the mold, the depth of cure was measured, and the Knoop hardness number at each depth was determined and statistically analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test...

Airborne laser altimetry (lidar) is a remote sensing technology that holds tremendous promise for mapping snow depth in snow hydrology and avalanche applications. In recent years lidar has seen a dramatic widening of applications in the natural sciences, resulting in technological improvements and an increase in the availability of sensors. Modern sensors allow recording of multiple pulse retur...

the aim of this study is comparison of soil characteristics and biodiversity in plantation of bald cypress and caucasian alder forest stands in kludeh region (mazandaran province). in order to study biodiversity in forest stands and control region, 10 sample plots (releve) were selected and the name and abundance of plant species of the forest floor were recorded. biodiversity of herbal plants ...

Discussions This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Geoscientific Model Development (GMD). Please refer to the corresponding final paper in GMD if available. Abstract Accurate estimates of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks are required to quantify carbon sources and sinks caused by land use change at national scale. This study presents a novel robust kriging method to prec...

The Belizean reef coral Agaricia tenuifolia Dana forms aggregations in which rows of thin, upright blades line up behind each other. On average, the spacing between blades increases with depth and hence with decreasing ambient irradiance. We designed and built a small, inexpensive light meter and used it to quantify the e€ect of branch spacing on light levels within colonies at varying distance...