The variance of zt around its expected value E( gt ) in this particular generation is σ g(t) + σ 2 e(t). However, we usually don’t know the particular value of dt, which is assumed to be uncorrelated between generations (σ(dt, dt′) = 0), with mean 0 and variance σ d. Thus, the expected value of zt measured at a random time (e.g., the value of d is chosen at random) is μ+E( gt ) and the variance...

15.1. The First Law of Thermodynamics • Define the first law of thermodynamics. • Describe how conservation of energy relates to the first law of thermodynamics. • Identify instances of the first law of thermodynamics working in everyday situations, including biological metabolism. • Calculate changes in the internal energy of a system, after accounting for heat transfer and work done. 15.2. Th...

In the next Generation Networks like Mobile WiMAX, it is highly essential to create a market mechanism that would allow the customer to communicate with Network and negotiate a contract based on some QoS parameters like blocking probability, delay, arrival rate, spectral efficiency, resource allocation and price. However, the mechanisms, rather than technical-oriented scheme, that involve the u...

In this chapter I present an overview of the concepts and status of the science of weather and climate engineering. I begin by discussing the concepts of seeding clouds through glaciogenic and hygroscopic seeding. I review the status of research on these concepts for increasing rainfall, decreasing hail damage, and reducing hurricane intensity. Thereafter I present an overview of the concepts f...

Here we describe an approach, based upon a notion of problem similarity, that can be used when attempting to devise a heuristic for a given search problem (of a sort represented by graphs). The proposed approach relies on a change in perspective: instead of seeking a heuristic directly for a given problem PI, one seeks instead a rolp___21gm P2 easier to solve than PI and related to PI in a cert...

A problem with A* is that it fails to guarantee opt imal solutions when its heuristic, h, overestimates. Since optimal solutions are often desired and an underestimating h is not always available, we seek to remedy this. From a nonadmissible h an admissible one is generated using h's statistical properties. The new heuristic, hm, is obtained by inverting h wi th respect to its own least upper b...

In rea l -wor ld domains a concept to be learned may be unwieldy and the environment may be less than ideal. One combinat ion of difficulties occurs if the concept is probabi l ist ic and the learning si tuat ion is dynamic. In this case, the data may be noisy and biased. These difficulties arise when learning evaluation functions, which can be considered as concepts. A representative problem, ...

Au nanoparticles with small sizes (2-3 nm) were effectively stabilized in the mesopores of (S)-(-)-2-pyrrolidinone-5-carboxylic acid-modified SBA-15, which showed superior catalytic properties in aerobic oxidation of alcohols, compared with pyrrolidone-free SBA-15 supported Au catalysts.

The polymeric title compound, [Ce(C(7)H(3)N(2)O(6))(3)(C(2)H(6)OS)(2)](n), exists as a linear chain along [111] as the three dinitro-benzoate anions each engages in bridging adjacent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) coordinated Ce(III) atoms. The metal atoms are surrounded by eight O atoms in a square-anti-prismatic environment. There are two independent formula units in the asymmetric unit. The S ato...