I present a study of the sizes (semimajor axes) of bars in disc galaxies, combining a detailed R-band study of 65 S0–Sb galaxies with the B-band measurements of 70 Sb– Sd galaxies from Martin (1995). As has been noted before with smaller samples, bars in early-type (S0–Sb) galaxies are clearly larger than bars in late-type (Sc–Sd) galaxies; this is true both for relative sizes (bar length as fr...

O n 29 March 2004, Ireland became the first country in the world to implement legislation creating smoke-free enclosed workplaces that included bars and restaurants. While the legislation involved all workplaces, with minor exceptions, national and international media attention focused on how the legislation would be implemented in bars. Many commentators looked on in disbelief and suggested th...

BACKGROUND The UK government claims that between 10 and 30% of pubs and bars will be exempt from proposed legislation to achieve smokefree enclosed public places across England. This arises from the contentious inclusion that pubs and bars that do not prepare and serve food and private members clubs, will be able to allow smoking. We aimed to survey pubs and bars across the North West of Englan...

Along with a brief analysis we present data obtained from BVRI and Ks images of a sample of 19 galaxies (18 barred and 1 unbarred) which will be further explored in a future paper. We measured the lengths and colors of the bars, created color maps and estimated global color gradients. Applying a method developed in a companion paper, we could distinguish for 7 galaxies in our sample those whose...

Weightlifting training and competition involves lifting a revolving shaft bar loaded with weights. The design of a bar and the location of the weights result in bar deformation during lifting tasks. Because there are many manufacturers of weightlifting bars, the actual deformation of a bar may vary, depending on the steel alloys used. A modified 4-point static bending test was used to assess de...

Using a perceptual learning paradigm, we evaluated whether information from the attributes: color, luminance and motion is combined to provide orientation coding. Four observers were trained to discriminate the orientation between color-defined bars, four between luminance-defined bars, and four between motion-defined bars. Before and after training, they were tested with each of the three attr...

The experimental data in this paper show that chromatic bars presented in alternation with equiluminant neutral-appearing bars are seen as more saturated than the same chromaticity presented as a uniform rectangle. This effect was diminished but not eliminated when test and match stimuli were presented within a slightly dimmer neutral surround. The test stimulus was a 2 x 5 degrees rectangle wi...

The architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry consume approximately 23% of the national energy annually, and are considered among the highest energy consuming industries. Recently, several studies have focused on establishing strategies to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide in the AEC industry by utilisation of low-carbon materials, material reuse, recycling and minimal usa...

Broken rotor bars and end-ring are common faults in three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors. These faults reduce the developed toque and increase the speed fluctuations of the motor. Meanwhile, developed unsymmetrical magnetic generates noise and vibration in the motor. Local heat around the broken bars may gradually break the adjacent bars and the motor will be finally out of service. Finit...

Prolonged interaction with cage bars by captive mammals (usually classed as stereotypic) may reflect poor welfare. Such behaviour may arise from motivation to investigate the external environment or to escape captivity. However, these hypotheses have not been explicitly tested. We raised mice, Mus musculus, to adulthood in modified laboratory cages with two sets of bars at the top and side of t...