Type III effector proteins from bacterial pathogens manipulate components of host immunity to suppress defence responses and promote pathogen development. In plants, host proteins targeted by some effectors called avirulence proteins are surveyed by plant disease resistance proteins referred to as "guards". The Ralstonia solanacearum effector protein PopP2 triggers immunity in Arabidopsis follo...

Lipopolysaccharide, Carbohydrate Moiety, Structure The cell wall of the mutant R 595 of Salmonella minnesola contains a lipopolysaccharide in which only a trisaccharide consisting of three KDO * residues is linked to a lipid termed lipid A. Considering the sterical requirements of fourteen rotation angles, we have calculated allowed conformation of this trisyccharide unit and its linkage to lip...

In this note, a real algebraic curve X is a smooth proper geometrically integral scheme over R of dimension 1. A closed point P of X will be called a real point if the residue field at P is R, and a non-real point if the residue field at P is C. The set of real points, X(R), will always be assumed to be non empty. It decomposes into finitely many connected components, whose number will be denot...

Let R be a commutative and unital semi-local ring in which 2 is invertible. In this note, we show that anisotropic quadratic spaces over R remain anisotropic after base change to any odd-degree finite étale extension of R. This generalization of the classical Artin-Springer theorem (concerning the situation where R is a field) was previously established in the case where all residue fields of R...

Management of plant litter or crop residues in agricultural fields is an important consideration for reducing soil erosion and increasing soil organic C. Current methods of quantifying crop residue cover are inadequate for characterizing the spatial variability of residue cover within fields or across large regions. Our objectives were to evaluate several spectral indices for measuring crop res...

The AKS conjecture states that (ζ − 1) ≡ ζ − 1 (mod n) for ζ an r-th root of unity with r prime, only if n is a prime and r n − 1. If n is a prime, n-th power map would be a Frobenius automorphism of Fn(ζ), and thus the congruence will hold true. In general, n-th power map is not a field automorphism, but under suitable conditions, it can be a group automorphism of the multiplicative group of c...

crop productivity, water use efficiency (wue), and microbial biomass c and n in rainfed dry area are influenced by tillage, rotation, and crop residue management. field experiments were conducted during 2005-08 to study the effect of tillage, crop rotation, and crop residue retention on oat fodder yield, water use efficiency, and microbial biomass c (mbc) and n (mbn) under semi-arid conditions ...

The two red seaweeds, Gracilaria manilaensis and Kappaphycus alvarezii are cultivated in Malaysia for producing agar and carrageenan, respectively. The residues of these seaweeds after removing agar and carrageenan by dilute acid treatment were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using cellulase (Cellic CTec 2). In the optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis, highest glucose concentration was achiev...