BACKGROUND A number of experiments with skilled adult readers have shown that a transposed-letter pseudoword (e.g., CHOLOCATE) is considerably more word-like than a control replacement-letter pseudoword (e.g., CHOTONATE). For instance, in lexical decision, response times are longer and less accurate for CHOLOCATE than for CHOTONATE (i.e., a transposed-letter effect). METHOD Here, we examined ...

In Indo-European languages, letter position coding is particularly noisy in middle positions (e.g., judge and jugde look very similar), but not in the initial letter position (e.g., judge vs. ujdge). Here we focus on a language (Thai) which, potentially, may be more flexible with respect to letter position coding than Indo-European languages: (i) Thai is an alphabetic language which is written ...

Behavioral studies have shown that short letter strings are read faster than long letter-strings and words are read faster than nonwords. Here, we describe the dynamics of letter-string length and lexicality effects at the cortical level, using magnetoencephalography, during a reading task in Finnish with long (eight-letter) and short (four-letter) word/nonword stimuli. Length effects were obse...

1. Some Extended Arabic characters are typographical variants of characters already adequately covered by the corresponding Basic Arabic Characters; 2. 0626 ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE is actually a representation form of two nominal characters: 06D5 ARABIC LETTER AE followed by 0621 ARABIC LETTER HAMZA; 3. The graphemes for the aspirated phonemes of Urdu should be added; 06BE ARABIC LET...

In their letter, Skottun and Skoyles (1) question our conclusion (2) that extra-wide letter spacing is more beneficial to dyslexic children than to normally developing children. Here, we show the pitfalls of their reasoning. First, Skottun and Skoyles (1) mistakenly purport that our conclusion is based on a null effect in the control group (younger normal readers matched for reading level). How...

Music is the big part of human life. It's competent of numerous health benefits including lowering stress levels, raising states of consciousness and changing moods. Numerous studies reported that music has favorable physiological effect on human especially during stress, anxiety and depression [1, 2]. Listening music that imitate or improves their emotional state [3, 4], manipulate emotions [5...

The primary aim of this commentary is to describe trauma-related dissociation and altered states of consciousness in the context of a four-dimensional model that has recently been proposed (Frewen & Lanius, 2015). This model categorizes symptoms of trauma-related psychopathology into (1) those that occur within normal waking consciousness and (2) those that are dissociative and are associated w...

The effect of sampling and quantization on frequency estimation for a single sinusoid is investigated. Cramér-Rao bound for 1 bit quantization is derived, and compared with the limit of infinite quantization. It is found that 1 bit quantization gives a slightly worse performance, however, with a dramatic increase of variance at certain frequencies. This can be avoided by using 4 times oversampl...

PURPOSE To explore how, in health professions education (HPE), the concept of critical consciousness has been defined and discussed, and to consider and suggest how critical pedagogy could be applied in practice. This exploration responds to increasing calls in the literature for HPE to foster compassionate care and social consciousness through the social sciences and humanities. METHOD The a...