The immune system has acquired increasing importance as a key player in cancer maintenance and growth. Thus, modulating anti-tumor immune mediators has become an attractive strategy for cancer treatment. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have gradually emerged as potential targets of newer immunotherapies. TLR-9 is preferentially expressed on endosome membranes of B-cells and plasmacytoid dendritic ce...

Common variable immunodefi ciency (CVID) is a primary immunodeficiency involving a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by recurrent bacterial infections and defi cient production of different classes of antibodies. The predisposing genetic factors associated with CVID remain unknown [1], although homozygous defects in ICOS or CD19 have been detected in a very small number of patients...

TLRs (Toll-like receptors) are a family of innate immune receptors that induce protective immune responses against infections. Single-stranded viral RNA and bacterial DNA containing unmethylated CpG motifs are the ligands for TLR7 and TLR8 and 9 respectively. We have carried out extensive structure-activity relationship studies of DNA- and RNA-based compounds to elucidate the impact of nucleoti...