Synthesis of two ent-kaurane diterpene glycosides, steviol 19-O-β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid (steviol glucuronide, 5), and 13-hydroxy ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (7) has been achieved from a common starting material, steviol, using phase transfer catalyst. Also, synthesis of an additional 17-nor-ent-kaurane glycoside, namely 13-methyl-16-oxo-17-nor-ent-kauran-19-oic aci...

Biotransformation of nerol by larvae of the common cutworm (Spodoptera litura) was investigated. The resulting major metabolites were (2Z,6E)-1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-8-oic acid and 8-hydroxynerol, and the minor metabolites were 9-hydroxynerol and (2Z,6E)-1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-8-al. (2Z,6E)-1-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-8-oic acid is a novel compound. The results ...

A series of 36 synthetic antimicrobial peptides containing unnatural amino acids were screened to determine their effectiveness to treat Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pnemoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species (ESKAPE) pathogens, which are known to commonly infect chronic wounds. The primary amino acid sequences of these peptid...

The metabolic pathway of cholesterol degradation by bacteria has not been completely established. Several possible intermediates have not been identified and many pathway delineations have not involved the use of the cholesterol molecule per se and just one bacterial species. The bacterial degradation of cholesterol by Pseudomonas sp. NCIB has been studied. Major biotransformation products incl...

Four new D:C-friedooleanane-type triterpenes, 3 beta-O-(E)-feruloyl-D:C-friedooleana-7,9(11)-dien-29-ol (1), 3 beta-O-(E)-coumaroyl-D:C-friedooleana-7,9(11)-dien-29-ol (2), 3 beta-O-(E)-coumaroyl-D:C-friedooleana-7,9(11)-dien-29-oic acid (3), and methyl 2 beta,3 beta-dihydroxy-D:C-friedoolean-8-en-29-oate (6), together with five known triterpenes with the same skeleton, 3-epikarounidiol (4), 3-...

This study analyzes the asymmetric association between trade openness and economic growth in 20 highly open Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) countries. A novel technique, quantile-on-quantile (QQ), is applied by using data for period 1991–2018. The results consider mode how quantiles asymmetrically affect giving an appropriate framework to apprehend overall dependence structure. positi...

Three new clerodane diterpenes, (4→2)-abeo-cleroda-2,13E-dien-2,14-dioic acid (1), (4→2)-abeo-2,13-diformyl-cleroda-2,13E-dien-14-oic acid (2), and 16(R&S)- methoxycleroda-4(18),13-dien-15,16-olide (3), were isolated from the unripe fruit of Polyalthia longifolia var. pendula (Annonaceae) together with five known compounds (4-8). The structures of all isolates were determined by spectroscop...

A phytochemical study of the ethanolic extract of Chrysosplenium carnosum Hook. f. et Thoms. led to the isolation of two new oleanane-type triterpenoids, 6β-hydroxy-3-oxoolean-12-en-27-oic acid (1) and 3β, 21α-dihydroxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid (2), along with fourteen known compounds (3-16), all of which were isolated from this plant for the first time. The structures of these compounds were est...

Different extracts from 11 West African plants traditionally used against malaria in Ghana were tested against both the chloroquine-sensitive strain PoW and the chloroquine-resistant clone Dd2 of Plasmodium falciparum. Due to the promising in vitro activity of the lipophilic extract [IC50: 10.5 microg/ml (PoW); 13.1 microg/ml (Dd2)], Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) Kuntze (Asteraceae) was chosen f...