Inactivation of both the pRb (pRb-cyclin D1/cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6-p16) and p53 (p53-p21(WAF1)-p14(ARF)) pathways is thought to be essential for immortalization in vitro and malignant transformation in vivo. We identified different combinations of pRb and p53 pathway alterations in 12 invasive transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs) and addressed the functional significance of the different co...

Epidemiological studies estimate that at least 10% of all cancer cases, including breast cancer, can be attributed to inherited susceptibility. Two hereditary breast cancer genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, have been identified and women who inherit a mutated copy of either gene have a raised lifetime risk of breast and ovarian cancer. More than 80% of families with multiple cases of breast cancer and ov...

Cytogenetic/molecular abnormalities significantly influence the prognosis of patients with acute leukemia. Recently, two genes, p16 and p15, encoding two cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins of the INK4 family of Mr 15,000 and 16,000, respectively, have been localized to 9p21. Remarkably, the p16 locus has been found to encode a second protein, p14, known as p19 in mice, with a distinct r...

Abstract Background Upper gastrointestinal white light endoscopy is the most used procedure for assessing upper tract condition and identification of various types lesions. The characteristics lesions may influence subsequent treatment steps. Among these characteristics, size a lesion plays crucial role in determining surveillance interval, appropriate resection method predicting risk malignanc...

The subunit composition of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors affects their function under normal and pathological conditions. Functional NMDA receptors are expressed in lower motor neurons, but their subunit composition has not been defined. Here, we employed electrophysiology, quantitative PCR, and immunohistochemistry to investigate the subunit composition of NMDA receptors in postnatal m...

Reptilian reovirus is one of a limited number of nonenveloped viruses that are capable of inducing cell-cell fusion. A small, hydrophobic, basic, 125-amino-acid fusion protein encoded by the first open reading frame of a bicistronic viral mRNA is responsible for this fusion activity. Sequence comparisons to previously characterized reovirus fusion proteins indicated that p14 represents a new me...

The cell-cycle regulatory gene INK4A-ARF (CDKN2A) has two alternative transcripts that produce entirely different proteins, namely p14 and p16, which have complementary functions as regulators of p53 and pRB tumor suppressor pathways, respectively. The unusual organization of INK4A-ARF has long led to speculation of a need for coordinated regulation of p14 and p16.We now show that p14 (ARF) reg...