OBJECTIVES Prehospital vital signs are an important and required component of patient assessment. We compared the temporal artery thermometer (TAT) to the digital thermometer currently used in our emergency medical service (EMS) system and then to the digital thermometer used in the emergency department. The primary objective of this study was to assess the usefulness of the TAT in the prehospi...

BACKGROUND Since HIV-1 Tat and Vpr genes are involved in promoter transactivation, apoptosis, etc, we carried out studies to find out nature and extent of natural variation in the two genes from seropositive patients from Northern India and determined their functional implications. METHODS HIV-1 tat exon 1 and vpr were amplified from the genomic DNA isolated from the blood of HIV-1 infected i...

HIV-1 Tat has been proposed as a key agent in many AIDS-related disorders, including HIV-1-associated neurological diseases. We have recently shown that Tat expression induces a significant increase in T lymphocytes in the brains of Tat transgenic mice. The CNS infiltration of T lymphocytes has been noted in AIDS patients. In the present study using this unique genetic system we attempted to un...

The human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) Tat protein has previously been shown to transactivate the HIV-1-LTR when added exogenously to HeLa, H9 lymphocytic and U937 promonocytic cells growing in culture. Here we show that Tat enters these cells by adsorptive endocytosis. Tat appears to bind non-specifically to the cell surface, with greater than 10(7) sites per cell. A specific receptor was ...

The twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway guides fully folded proteins across membranes of bacteria, archaea and plant chloroplasts. In Escherichia coli, Tat-specific transport is executed in a still largely unknown manner by three functionally diverse membrane proteins, termed TatA, TatB, and TatC. In order to follow the intracellular distribution of the TatABC proteins in live E. coli cel...

HIV-1 Tat activates transcription through binding to human cyclin T1, a regulatory subunit of the TAK/P-TEFb CTD kinase complex. Here we show that the cyclin domain of hCycT1 is necessary and sufficient to interact with Tat and promote cooperative binding to TAR RNA in vitro, as well as mediate Tat transactivation in vivo. A Tat:TAR recognition motif (TRM) was identified at the carboxy-terminal...

Tat, the transactivator protein of human immunodeficiency virus-1, has the unusual capacity of being internalized by cells when present in the extracellular milieu. This property can be exploited for the cellular delivery of heterologous proteins fused to Tat both in cell culture and in living animals. Here we provide genetic and biochemical evidence that cell membrane heparan sulfate (HS) prot...

Cell-penetrating peptides like the cationic HIV1 TAT peptide are able to translocate across cell membranes and to carry molecular cargoes into the cellular interior. For most of these peptides, the biophysical mechanism of the membrane translocation is still quite unknown. We analyzed HIV1 TAT peptide binding and mobility within biological model membranes. To this end, we generated neutral and ...

Transcription from HIV-1 proviral DNA is a rate-determining step for HIV-1 replication. Interaction between the cyclin T1 (CycT1) subunit of positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) and the Tat transactivator protein of HIV-1 is crucial for viral transcription. CycT1 also interacts directly with the transactivation-responsive element (TAR) located on the 5'end of viral mRNA, as well ...

MOTIVATION Computational prediction of signal peptides is of great importance in computational biology. In addition to the general secretory pathway (Sec), Bacteria, Archaea and chloroplasts possess another major pathway that utilizes the Twin-Arginine translocase (Tat), which recognizes longer and less hydrophobic signal peptides carrying a distinctive pattern of two consecutive Arginines (RR)...