. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 1. Historical Overview of the Measurement of Energy Expenditure (EE) Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684 2. Methods for the Measurement of EE: Overview and Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

Previously, we have demonstrated that 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE) induces rat multidrug-resistance associated protein 3 (Mrp3, Abcc3) expression transcriptionally through estrogen receptor-α (ER-α) activation. We explored the effect of EE on MRP3 expression of human origin. HepG2 cells were transfected with ER-α and incubated with EE (1-10-50 μM) for 48 h. MRP3 protein and mRNA levels were measur...

BACKGROUND Cyproterone acetate combined with ethinyl estradiol (CPA/EE) provides a treatment option for women with acne, hirsutism or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). CPA/EE may be prescribed as an oral contraceptive (OC), but is not licensed as such in the UK. The use of CPA/EE steadily increased after its introduction to the UK market in 1987, but there was a marked increase in its share of ...

Environmental enrichment strongly affects visual system maturation both at retinal and cortical levels. Which molecular pathways are activated by an enriched environment (EE) to regulate visual system development has not been clarified. Here, we show that early [postnatal day 1 (P1) to P7] insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) injections in the eyes of non-EE rat pups mimic EE effects both in in...

Boston A novel device architecture that detects not only light but also its polarization could substantially reduce the number of optical components in a range of systems. Using traditional semiconductor fabrication methods, researchers at Boston University have designed a single mesa device consisting of two vertically integrated photodetectors that differentially respond to incident polarizat...

Hadronic final states of e+e− annihilations have proven to provide precise tests of the strong interaction and of its underlying theory, Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). The success and increasing significance of QCD tests which was achieved in the past few years, especially with the precise data from LEP, was based on improvements and a deeper understanding of the theoretical predictions as well ...

We study the multicritical behavior arising from the competition of two distinct types of ordering characterized by O(n) symmetries. For this purpose, we consider the renormalization-group flow for the most general O(n1)⊕O(n2)symmetric Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson Hamiltonian involving two fields φ1 and φ2 with n1 and n2 components respectively. In particular, we determine in which cases, approaching...

Estrogens cause intrahepatic cholestasis in susceptible women during pregnancy, after administration of oral contraceptives, or during postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. 17alpha-Ethinylestradiol (EE) is a synthetic estrogen widely used to cause experimental cholestasis in rodents with the aim of examining molecular mechanisms involved in this disease. EE actions on the liver are though...