A snap fastener is a deformable device consisting of a pair of mating surfaces that \snap" together during assembly. Because of the simple, linear assembly motion, such latching micro fasteners have a wide range of applications in micro assembly tasks, e.g. for devices with multiple or layered components, or micro opto-mechanical plugs. At the micro scale, conventional types of fasteners like s...

We investigated the modulation of voltage-gated Ca channels by nitric oxide (NO) in isolated salamander retinal ganglion cells with the goals of determining the type of Ca channel affected and the signaling pathway by which modulation might occur. The NO donors, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP, 1 mM) and S-nitroso-cysteine (1 mM) induced modest increases in the amplitude of Ca channel cu...

This Chapter covers the emissions of airborne particulate matter (PM) from road transport which are due to vehicle tyre and brake wear (SNAP code 070700) and road surface wear (SNAP code 070800). PM emissions from vehicle exhaust are not included. The focus is on primary non-exhaust particles in other words those particles emitted directly as a result of the wear of surfaces and not those resul...

The SNAP was modified to SNAP ST (Idexx Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME), a new 7-8 minute test which no longer requires the use of an incubator. This new test was validated at ILVO-T&V according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and the CRL Guidelines for the Validation of Screening Methods (Anon., 2010). The SNAP ST is very specific as an interference was only caused by clavulanic acid, a β...

We have hypothesized that the plasma membrane protein components of the exocytotic soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein (SNAP) receptor (SNARE) complex, syntaxin 1A and SNAP-25, distinctly regulate different voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channels that are differentially distributed. Neuroendocrine islet cells (alpha, beta, delta) uniformly contain both syntaxin 1A and SNAP-25. H...

Many safety net programs issue benefits as monthly lump-sum payments. We investigate how the timing of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefit issuance affects food purchases and incidence transfer. Using scanner data from a large sample grocery stores state time variation in SNAP schedules, we document large, SNAP-induced intramonth cycles expenditures. However, find that reta...

A snap-stabilizing protocol, starting from any arbitrary initial configuration, always behaves according to its specification. In [10], Cournier and al. present the first snap-stabilizing Propagation of Information with Feedback (PIF) protocol in arbitrary networks. But, in order to achieve the desirable property of snap-stabilization, the algorithm needs the knowledge of the exact size of the ...

The SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein-attachment protein receptor) protein SNAP-25 (25 kDa synaptosome-associated protein) is essential for regulated exocytosis in neuronal and neuroendocrine cells. Whereas the majority of SNARE proteins contain transmembrane domains, SNAP-25 is instead anchored to membranes by the palmitoylation of a central cysteine-rich region. In this...