This paper examines co-integration and the causal relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and the economic output or Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the both short and long run of Bangladesh, Pakistan and India over the period of 1972-2008. Three econometric models, viz. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test, Engle-Granger two-step co-integration test, Vector error correction mechanis...

This quantitative research aims to analyze the long-run relationship and causality between economic development, tourism, other macroeconomic variables in context of Sao Tome Principe (STP). First, Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) Phillips Perron (PP) unit root test is applied, followed by Johansen cointegration Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Gross domestic product (GDP), tourism receipts (...

Beşeri sermayenin etkin, verimli ve dinamik olmasında eğitim düzeyi önemlidir. Özellikle bireylerin gelecekte elde edecekleri gelirlerinde artış sağlamasının yanı sıra gelir dağılımında eşitsizliğin etkin kalıcı bir şekilde çözülmesinde kullanılan politika araçlarından biridir. Gelir eşitsizliğe neden olan temel faktörlerden biride enflasyondur. Enflasyonun düzeyi, dönem aralığı hızı eşitsizliğ...

This analysis is a straightforward implementation of both long-run and short-run identifying or overidentifying restrictions on a vector error correction model in the “structural VAR” framework. The framework utilizes covariance restrictions, long-run multiplier restrictions, error correction coefficient restrictions, and restrictions on slope coefficients of the stimultaneous interactions in t...

Cocoa unrelentingly is a valuable crop and key foreign exchange earner in Ghana regarding other agricultural commodity exports. The focal drive of this study was to examine the impact macroeconomic variables including cocoa price bank specific characteristics on profitability during period 2010 2020. extends analysis cointegration, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) with that impulse response...

The aim of this research is to assess the impact GST on India’s foreign trade. Bill implemented simplify complex tax system, allow commodities move effortlessly across state borders, reduce evasion, enhance compliance, raise revenues, encourage growth, boost exports, and attract investors by making it easier conduct business in India. author uses following methods scientific research: Augmented...

the prime objective of the study is to identify the long-run and short-run relationship between indian stock price viz., bse sensex (hereafter named as bse) and gold price (gold) in india. the daily closing price data were collected for the period of ten years ranging from 1st april 2004 to 31st march 2014 with 2490 observations. the study employed two models: model one used gold as dependent v...

Although there have been trout subsidies in Türkiye for many years, the fact that production has below expectations, especially recent led to need investigate effects of subsidies. Thus, present study was conducted estimate long-run relationship among production, producer price, and subsidy Türkiye. The time-series data covering 1984-2016 regarding sales prices, were used. Vector Error Correcti...