In an ideal scenario of intelligent machine tools [22] the human mechanist was almost replaced by the controller. During the last decade many efforts have been made to get closer to this ideal scenario, but the way of information processing within the CNC did not change too much. The paper summarizes the requirements of an intelligent CNC evaluating the different research efforts done in this f...

Cell adhesion molecules such as cadherins alternate their expression throughout cranial neural crest (CNC) development, yet our understanding of the role of these molecules during CNC migration remains incomplete. The "mesenchymal" cadherin-11 is expressed in the CNC during migration yet prevents migration when overexpressed in the embryo, suggesting that a defined level of cadherin-11-mediated...

This research describes the performance data of the aluminum automobile wheel manufactured by wheel flow forming machine. The performance is examined after designing and operating the CNC controller which is customized for the wheel flow-forming machine. In general, the existing wheel flowforming machine simultaneously controls the 3 rollers and axis, which results in the degradation of the qua...

A series of Ru complexes containing lutidine-derived pincer CNC ligands have been prepared by transmetalation with the corresponding silver-carbene derivatives. Characterization of these derivatives shows both mer and fac coordination of the CNC ligands depending on the wingtips of the N-heterocyclic carbene fragments. In the presence of tBuOK, the Ru-CNC complexes are active in the hydrogenati...

STEP-NC, a new data model for CAD–CAM–CNC chain, is expected to encompass the whole scope of e-manufacturing. The new data model formalized as ISO 14649 is under development by ISO TC184 SC1 and SC4 for the replacement of the old standard so-called G&M codes, formalized as ISO 6983 which has been used since the 1950s. As the new data model is being established, development and implementation of...

TGFβ/BMP signaling regulates the fate of multipotential cranial neural crest (CNC) cells during tooth and jawbone formation as these cells differentiate into odontoblasts and osteoblasts, respectively. The functional significance of SMAD4, the common mediator of TGFβ/BMP signaling, in regulating the fate of CNC cells remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of SMAD4 in regu...

CAD systems today interpolate general curves by dividing each curve into many straight-line segments which are downloaded to the CNC. Determining the number of lines to be transferred from the CAD to the CNC poses a conflict between the desired precision of the part and the feedrate fidelity. The current method results in severe variations in the feedrate, leading, in turn, to variations in the...

We show a simple method toward nanoscale cilia-like structures, i.e., functional hairy surfaces, upon topochemically functionalizing nanorods of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with thiol end groups (CNC-SHs), which leads to their immobilization onto a gold surface from one end, still allowing their orientational mobility. CNCs having a lateral dimension of 3-5 nm and length of 50-500 nm incorpor...

We refer to network coding schemes in which information flows propagate along a combination network topology as combination network coding (CNC). CNC and its variations are the first network coding schemes studied in the literature, and so far still represent arguably the most important class of known structures where network coding is nontrivial. Our main goal in this paper is to seek a thorou...

BACKGROUND Point mutations of the PRKAR1A gene are a genetic cause of Carney complex (CNC) and primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD), but in 30% of the patients no mutation is detected. OBJECTIVE Set up a routine-based technique for systematic detection of large deletions or duplications of this gene and functionally characterize these mutations. METHODS Multiplex ligatio...