Model-Driven Architecture standardized by OMG facilitates separating the platform-independent part (PIM) and the platform-specific part (PSM) of a system model. The platform-independent artifacts are mainly UML models created with CASE tools. Due to this separation, PIM specified by the developers can be reused across several implementation platforms of the software. PSM is ideally generated au...

In a recent Letter [1] Öğüt, Chelikowsky, and Louie (OCL) calculated the optical gap of Si nanocrystals as ε g,OCL = ε qp g,LDA − E e−h Coul, where ε qp g,LDA is the quasi-particle gap in the local-density approximation (LDA) and E Coul is the electron-hole Coulomb energy. They argued that their method produces different results from conventional approaches (e.g. pseudopotential [2]). We show i...

Based on experiences gained from an embedding of the Object Constraint Language (OCL) in higher-order logic [1], we explore several key issues of the design of a formal semantics of the OCL. These issues comprise the question of the interpretation of invariants, preand postconditions, an executable sub-language and the possibilities of refinement notions. A particular emphasize is put on the is...

Osteoclasts (OCLs) in Paget's disease are markedly increased in number and size, have increased numbers of nuclei per multinucleated cell, and demonstrate increased resorption capacity and increased sensitivity to 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3), the active form of vitamin D. These cells also contain nuclear inclusions, reminiscent of those seen in paramyxovirus-infected cells, which cross-react with antibodi...

IL-18 inhibits osteoclast (OCL) formation in vitro independent of IFN-gamma production, and this was abolished by the addition of neutralizing antibodies to GM-CSF. We now establish that IL-18 was unable to inhibit OCL formation in cocultures using GM-CSF-deficient mice (GM-CSF -/-). Reciprocal cocultures using either wild-type osteoblasts with GM-CSF -/- spleen cells or GM-CSF -/- osteoblasts ...

Triple Graph Grammars (TGGs) tend to be a promising approach for explaining relationships between models in general, and model co-evolution and model consistency within model-driven development in particular. Declarative TGG descriptions can be translated into operational scenarios for model integration, model synchronization, and model transformation. To realize such scenarios, restrictions fo...

The Object Constraint Language (OCL) offers so-called nondeterministic constructs which are often only poorly understood even by OCL experts. They are widely ignored in the OCL literature, their semantics given in the official language description of OCL is ill-defined, and none of today’s OCL tools support them in a consistent way. The source of the poor understanding and ill-defined semantics...

This paper provides information about osteochondral lesions (OCL) and example cases of OCL occurring in major joints, some of which are rarely seen. This simple tutorial is presented in question and answer format.