In this paper, we have proposed multipath fading channel simulation model for wireless communication. We have tested the model for sine wave and complex wave inputs. The effects of noise on fading and scattering property of the channel were tested. The results show that the BER performance is improved dramatically in low SNR than in high SNR. This is reasonable since at low SNR, white Gaussian ...

SnR, twist and Fgf10 are expressed in presumptive limb territories of early chick embryos. When FGF-2/FGF-8 beads are implanted in chick flank, an ectopic limb develops and SnR is irreversibly activated as early as 1 h. Ectopic Fgf10 and twist expression are activated much later at 17 and 20 h, respectively. FGF-10 can also induce SnR, but much later, and in this case activation occurs simultan...

The ideal binary mask, often used in robust speech recognition applications, requires an estimate of the local SNR in each timefrequency (T-F) unit. A data-driven approach is proposed for estimating the instantaneous SNR of each T-F unit. By assuming that the a priori SNR and a posteriori SNR are uniformly distributed within a small region, the instantaneous SNR is estimated by minimizing the l...

Intelligibility of ideal binary masked noisy speech was measured on a group of normal hearing individuals across mixture signal to noise ratio (SNR) levels, masker types, and local criteria for forming the binary mask. The binary mask is computed from time-frequency decompositions of target and masker signals using two different schemes: an ideal binary mask computed by thresholding the local S...

The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for real-time biosensing with liquid-gated carbon nanotube transistors is crucial for exploring the limits of their sensitivity, but has not been studied thus far. Although biosensing is often performed at high transconductance where the device displays the largest gate response, here we show that the maximum SNR is actually obtained when the device is operated i...

The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in magnetic resonance imaging represents one of the system operating variables that must be determined both for evaluating the performance of different imaging protocols on a particular machine, and for monitoring machine performance as part of a routine quality control (QC) program. Utilizing a phantom and set of automated analysis programs currently under devel...

Secondary non-response (SNR) to botulinum toxin (BoNT) in cervical dystonia (CD) lacks a universal definition. We conducted a retrospective survey to develop a definition based on clinicians' practice. Fifty-seven neurologists completed a 17-item questionnaire. In defining SNR, insufficiently improved posture was considered to be more relevant (98% of physicians) than insufficiently improved pa...

Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is an important index for wireless communications. In CDMA systems, spreading sequences are utilized. This series of papers show the method to derive spreading sequences as the solutions of the non-linear programming: maximize SNR. In this paper, we consider a frequency-selective wide-sense-stationary uncorrelated-scattering (WSSUS) channel and evaluate the worst cas...

We examine the impact of transmit antenna selection with receive generalized selection combining (TAS/GSC) for cognitive decode-and-forward (DF) relaying in Nakagamim fading channels. We select a single transmit antenna at the secondary transmitter which maximizes the receive signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) and combine a subset of receive antennas with the largest SNRs at the secondary receiver. In ...

As demand for high quality transmission increases increase of spectrum efficiency and an improvement of error performance in wireless communication systems are important . One of the promising approaches to 4G is adaptive OFDM (AOFDM) . Fixed modulation systems uses only one type of modulation scheme (or order), so that either performance or capacity should be compromised Adaptive modulated sys...