Mesophyll conductance (gm) can markedly limit photosynthetic CO₂ assimilation and is required to estimate the parameters of the Farquhar-von Caemmerer-Berry (FvCB) model properly. The variable J (electron transport rate) is the most frequently used method for estimating gm, and the correct determination of J is one of its requirements. Recent evidence has shown that calibrating J can lead to so...

mathematical simulation of flow toward drains is an important and indispensable stage in drainage design and management. many related models have been developed, but most of them simulate the saturated flow toward drains without a due consideration of the unsaturated zone. in this study, the two dimensional differential equation governing saturated and unsaturated flow in porous media is numeri...

A series of new 2-(phenylthio) benzoylaryl hydrazones were synthesized by acid-catalyzed condensation of hydrazide 3 with corresponding aldehydes. The chemical structures of the compounds were elucidated by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and Mass spectra. All newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimycobacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv using the microplate alamar blu...

The αβ T-cell receptor (TCR) on each T lymphocyte mediates exquisite specificity for a particular foreign peptide bound to a major histocompatibility complex molecule (pMHC) displayed on the surface of altered cells. This recognition stimulates protection in the mammalian host against intracellular pathogens, including viruses, and involves piconewton forces that accompany pMHC ligation. Physic...

The expansion of γδ T cells in patients with active cutaneous leishmaniasis, with or without glucantime therapy, was investigated. Twenty patients with local cutaneous leishmaniasis including glucantime-treated (n=10) and untreated (n=10) patients were selected. The controls were healthy individuals (n=10) living in endemic areas. Whole blood was obtained and the T cell subpopulations were anal...

αβ and γδ lineage T cells are thought to arise from a common CD4(-)CD8(-) progenitor in the thymus. However, the molecular pathways controlling fate selection and maturation of these two lineages remain poorly understood. We demonstrated recently that a ubiquitously expressed ribosomal protein, Rpl22, is selectively required for the development of αβ lineage T cells. Germline ablation of Rpl22 ...

Three kinds of subparticles of Chlamydomonas outer-arm dynein containing the αβ, β and γ heavy chains were isolated and assayed for their activities to translocate microtubules in vitro. All of them had activities to form bundles of microtubules in solution in an ATP-dependent manner and, when adsorbed on an appropriate glass surface, translocated microtubules. The αβ subparticle readily transl...

αβ T cells, which express the α-β TCR heterodimer, express CD4 or CD8 coreceptors on cells that are MHC class I or MHC class II dependent. In contrast, γδ T cells do not express CD4 or CD8 and develop independently of MHC interaction. The factors that determine αβ and γδ lineage choice are not fully understood, and the determinants of MHC restriction of TCR specificity have been controversial. ...

It is broadly accepted that long-term memory (LTM) is formed sequentially after learning and short-term memory (STM) formation, but the nature of the relationship between early and late memory traces remains heavily debated [1-5]. To shed light on this issue, we used an olfactory appetitive conditioning in Drosophila, wherein starved flies learned to associate an odor with the presence of sugar...

The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase and H2AX histone tumor suppressor proteins are each critical for maintenance of cellular genomic stability and suppression of lymphomas harboring clonal translocations. ATM is the predominant kinase that phosphorylates H2AX in chromatin around DNA double-strand breaks, including along lymphocyte Ag receptor loci cleaved during V(D)J recombination. ...