Since the introduction of West Nile virus (WNV) into North America in 1999 a number of passerine bird species have been found to play a role in the amplification of the virus. Arbovirus surveillance, observational studies and experimental studies have implicated passerine birds (songbirds, e.g., crows, American robins, house sparrows, and house finches) as significant reservoirs of WNV in North...

The availability of zebra-fish larvae model of epileptic seizure provides opportunities to identify novel anticonvulsants for treatment of people with epilepsy. However, the major parameters of zebra-fish behavior assay for assessing antiepileptic drug efficacy existed disparity, which resulted in different results in previous studies. In this study, we chose the high, medium, slow-speed moved ...

Clozapine (an atypical antipsychotic drug) is indicated in treatment-refractory schizophrenia. Antipsychotics have been reported to have cardiotoxic effects in humans.The zebra fish (Danio rerio) is a tropical cyprinid used in toxicological research. In the present study, the toxicity of clozapine was evaluated in zebra fish embryos with the aid of the fish embryo toxicity test (FET). The endpo...

With between 2000 and 2500 known species, cichlids (Teleostei, Cichlidae) are probably the most species rich family of vertebrate animals. With over 1500 species, more than half of the world's cichlid species live in the African Great Lakes, where several endemic species ̄ocks evolved in parallel. Speciation rates in some of these ̄ocks are unrivaled among vertebrates and they are among the most ...

We have previously shown that the EBV ZEBRA protein (also denoted EB1, Z, or Zta) encoded by the BZLF open reading frame is expressed in primary human thymocytes and in human T lymphoblastoid cell lines infected by EBV. Expression of EBV-encoded gene products in T lymphocytes could contribute to viral pathogenesis during acute EBV infection as well as in individuals coinfected with EBV and HIV....

Zebra is a network file system that increases throughput by striping the file data across multiple servers. Rather than striping each file separately, Zebra forms all the new data from each client into a single stream, which it then stripes using an approach similar to a log-structured file system. Thm provides high performance for writes of small files as well as for reads and writes of large ...

We reviewed the scientific literature addressing physiological constraints of zebra mussel and found seven studies that measured the effects of water calcium concentrations (mg/l, hereafter Ca) on zebra mussel development and growth (Jones and Ricciardi 2005, Allen and Ramcharan 2001, Hincks and Mackie 1997, Mellina and Rasmussen 1994, Ramcharan et al 1992, Strayer 1991, Sprung 1987). A 95% con...

The presence of antibodies against equine encephalosis virus (EEV) and equid herpesvirus 1 and 4 in zebra in the Kruger National Park (KNP) was demonstrated. The ability of zebra to maintain immunity against EEV is illustrated by the appearance of neutralizing antibodies in most zebra foals within months of losing their maternal immunity. This occurs in every month of the year, even in winter. ...

The zebra finch (Taeniopygiaguttata) has become an increasingly important model organism in many areas of research including toxicology, behavior, and memory and learning. As the only songbird with a sequenced genome, the zebra finch has great potential for use in developmental studies; however, the early stages of zebra finch development have not been well studied. Lack of research in zebra fi...

Cichlid fishes of Lake Tanganyika display a variety of mating and parental care behaviors, including polygamous and monogamous mouthbrooding and substrate breeding, cooperative breeding, as well as various alternative reproductive tactics such as sneaking and piracy. Moreover, reproductive behaviors sometimes vary within species both in space and in time. Here, I survey reports on mating and pa...