Inferring the ancestral state at the root of a phylogenetic tree from states observed at the leaves is a problem arising in evolutionary biology. The simplest technique – majority rule – estimates the root state by the most frequently occurring state at the leaves. Alternative methods – such as maximum parsimony explicitly take the tree structure into account. Since either method can outperform...

globalization is integration of national economies in global economy and infers on increasing the flow of goods and services. in this study the consequences of globalization were studied through the analysis of level of international trade index (lit) in the caviar export equation. the required data were gathered from statistical yearbook of foreign trade, statistical yearbook of fisheries, sta...

background: a dramatic increase in healthcare expenditures is a major health policy concern worldwide. understanding factors that underlie the growth in healthcare expenditures is essential to assist decision-makers in finding best policies to manage healthcare costs. we aimed to examine the determinants of healthcare spending in iran over the periods of 1978-2011. methods: a time series analys...

Spectral prediction models for halftone prints generally assume homogeneously thick and sharply edged ink dots, i.e., bilevel halftones. In real prints, the ink thickness often decreases at the boundaries of the ink dots, thereby forming continuous-level halftones. The present study aims at verifying to what extent the classical Clapper-Yule and Yule-Nielsen models are able to predict the refle...

2 Binary search trees 2 2.1 Definition of a binary search tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2.2 Profile. Discrete martingale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.3 Embedding in continuous time. Yule tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.4 Martingale connection Yule tree binary search tree . . . . . . . . 5 2.5 Asymptotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

Deixis owns a significant place in the study of pragmatics. Present study discusses deixis comparatively with reference to Levinson (1983) and Yule (1996) in terms of its clarification of concepts, appropriate exemplification and coherent argumentation as propounded in their respective works on pragmatics. However, it is revealed through this discussion that the approach of Yule is quite precis...

The classical method of process capability analysis necessarily assumes that collected data are independent; nonetheless, some processes such as biological and chemical processes are autocorrelated and violate the independency assumption. Many processes exhibit a certain degree of correlation and can be treated by autoregressive models, among which the autoregressive model of order one (AR (1))...

1. Manifolds: 1/7/14 1 2. Tangent and Cotangent Spaces: 1/9/14 3 3. Vector Fields, One-Forms, and Riemannian Metrics: 1/14/14 6 4. The Lie Bracket and Riemannian Connections: 1/16/14 8 5. Existence and Uniqueness of the Riemannian Connection: 1/21/14 10 6. Tensor Fields, Parallel Transport, and Holonomy: 1/23/14 13 7. The Riemann Curvature Tensor: 1/28/14 15 8. Flatness: 1/30/14 17 9. Symmetrie...

In this work, we propose a novel method to model time-varying autoregressive impulsive signals, which possess skewed or symmetric Alpha Stable distributions. The main contribution of this work is its ability to model both the unknown autoregressive coefficients and the distribution parameters, where all of them are time-varying. This method is a generalization of previous work by the same autho...