Athletes exist and function in an environment of complex relationships; however, little is known about the influence of specific relationships for athletes’ attitudes, experiences and behaviors toward doping in sport. Among adolescent and young adult athlete populations, parents and coaches have been highlighted as particularly influential, but when and how they influence athletes in this conte...

INTRODUCTION quality remain unchanged. If other sources of taxation are used they also Pressures are increasing for reforms in financing must be evaluated relative to the concepts of equity of local government services. At the local level, the and regressiveness on taxpayers. One frequently property tax is a major source of concern.! Two mentioned alternative to the property tax is a local majo...

We develop a theory of money and credit as competing payment instruments, then put it to work in applications. Buyers can use cash or credit, with the former (latter) subject to the inflation tax (transaction costs). Frictions making the choice of payment method interesting also imply equilibrium price dispersion, and together these deliver closed-form solutions for money demand. The model can ...

This paper explores the use of a loglinear tax and transfer function, displaying increasing marginal and average tax rates along with a means-tested transfer payment. The two parameters are a break-even income threshold, where the average tax rate is zero, and a tax parameter equivalent to the marginal tax rate at the breakeven income level. When combined with Cobb-Douglas utility, the resultin...

Would you like to decide how your tax payments are used? Let us elaborate the question: would you like to decide how your tax payments are used without interfering with equity issues? Do you think it will induce you (and your neighbors) to pay taxes? This paper examines whether we should advocate a normative principle for allocating tax payments—beyond revenue raising—to enhance tax compliance....

awareness of the perception of farmers toward cooperation is an important step for developing the role of cooperatives in rural economy. the purpose of this descriptive-correlational study was to investigate perception of farmers toward cooperation. the statistical population for the study consisted of farmer heads of families in the rural society of kermanshah township (n=24391). three hundred...