BACKGROUND Consuming unsafe water results in infections that lead to illness or death from water borne diseases. Though there is an increasing effort from Ethiopian government to access safe water still there are households with limited access of safe water as a result, they depend on rain, well and spring water source for domestic use. However, the water treatment practice with the available t...

This paper re-examines the labor supply responses in the Seattle and Denver Income Maintenance Experiments (SIME/DIME). Specifically, the original experimental results show a larger labor supply response for men and women from dual-headed households in the five-year treatment relative to those in the three-year treatment. Although typically thought of as a Negative Income Tax (NIT) Experiment, ...

Poor rural households in Malawi often chose to supplement their income through additional casual work on other farms (“ganyu” labor). Based on data from the Second Integrated Household Survey for 2004, we explore the potential objectives and determinants of ganyu supply. We find a confirmation of the neoclassical theoretical hypothesis whereby households use ganyu as a consumption smoothing opt...

Though many studies have been conducted on elderly women in Nigeria, these studies have neglected elderly women heads of household. The neglect is attributed to the general belief that the well-being of elderly women is the responsibilities of their extended families which has consequently contributed to poor policy response to their wellbeing. Motivated by the increasing deterioration of their...

BACKGROUND Lower socioeconomic position (SEP) is associated with an increased risk of suicidal behaviour in high-income countries, but this association is unclear in low-income and middle-income countries. METHODS We investigated the association of SEP with attempted suicide in a cross-sectional survey of 165 233 Sri Lankans. SEP data were collected at the household (assets, social standing (...

Amartya Sen a Nobel laureate stressed the fact that empowering women and girls with more choices freedom is crucial to achieving better future for all. This study evaluates level of women’s empowerment in agriculture by assessing gaps between male female decision makers; comparing across household types. Empowerment assessed through Five Domains (5DE) Abbreviated Women’s Agriculture Index (A-WE...

How do tariffs impact gender inequality? Using harmonized household survey and tariff data from 54 low- middle-income countries, this paper shows that protectionism has an anti-female bias. On average, repress the real incomes of female headed households by 0.6 percentage points relative to male ones. Female bear brunt because they derive a smaller share their income spend larger budget on agri...

Rural households in developing countries often depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. However, many also pursue off-farm economic activities either to complement farm income or because they lack access agricultural land. employment is informal and temporary. Searching jobs can be associated with high transaction costs, which may a constraint some households’ participation employment. The ...

BACKGROUND The fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG5) aims at improving maternal health. Globally, the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) declined from 400 to 260 per 100000 live births between 1990 and 2008. During the same period, MMR in sub-Saharan Africa decreased from 870 to 640. The decreased in MMR has been attributed to increase in the proportion of deliveries attended by skilled health p...

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Women in Sub-Saharan Africa including Zambia, constitute the majority of people living in rural areas. They provide over 70% of all agricultural labour required especially in food production done mainly at subsistence level (WLSA, 2001 p 16). Further studies have shown that over 60% of the active populations in Sub-Saharan Africa depend on land for livelihood (EC...