Because of the availability of uniform genetic stocks and the ability to modulate stress levels, chickens were investigated as a host for the development of an antimycobacterial vaccine. The imposition and the timing of stress significantly influenced the outcome of Mycobacterium avium infection in chickens. Simple, whole cell or lysate vaccines and combinations of vaccine preparations were ide...

results the results showed that all the strains had the dominant allele ptxs1a. there were differences between the alleles of the clinical strains and the vaccine strain. conclusions in recent years, a significant increase in the incidence of pertussis has been reported worldwide. our findings regarding the allelic shift of the ptxs1 gene are similar to those reported in many european and ameri...

background: it seems that the incidence of pertussis-like illnesses is considerably increasing despite the wide coverage of immunization with the whole cell pertussis vaccine. we aimed to investigate the occurrence of pertussis in vaccinated children by measuring anti-pertussis antibodies. methods: in this cross-sectional study, blood samples were taken from vaccinated children aged 2, 4, 6, 12...

Ovarian cancer is the fifth most commonly occurring malignancy in women, with the highest mortality rate among all the gynecological tumors. Microparticulate vaccine can serve as an immunotherapeutic approach with a promising antigenic delivery system without a need for conventional adjuvants. In this study, a microparticulate vaccine using whole cell lysate of a murine ovarian cancer cell line...

Typhoid fever is highly enclemic in Indonesia with the incidence range from 360 cases (semirural area) to 810 cases (urban area) per 100,000 population per year The conventional whole cell vaccine which is parenteral, has long been known and used in Indonesia. Since 1960's immunization with this conventional yaccine was terminated from the vaccine program for infants, due to its annoying and in...

background: hepatitis c (hcv) is a worldwide problem without an effective vaccine with more than 170 million chronically infected people worldwide. dna vaccines expressing antigenic portions of the virus with adjutants have recently been developed as a novel vaccination technology. objectives: in the present study, a dna vaccine expressing hcv core protein was developed with il12 as a genetic a...

Neisseria meningitidis and Bordetella pertussis are Gram-negative bacterial pathogens that can cause serious diseases in humans. N. meningitidis outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines and whole cell pertussis vaccines have been successfully used in humans to control infections with these pathogens. The mechanisms behind their effectiveness are poorly defined. Here we investigated the role of Tol...

introduction: tuberculosis (tb) caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a major worldwide health problem. the only tb vaccine currently available is anattenuated strain of mycobacterium bovis termed bacillus calmette -guerin (bcg).the efficacy of bcg remains controversial. mycobacterium secretory proteins are generally considered important antigens for protection against tb. a major protei...