Since their introduction more than four decades ago, invariant assertions have, justifiably, dominated the analysis of while loops, and have been the focus of sustained research interest in the seventies and eighties, and renewed interest in the last decade. In this paper, we tentatively submit an alternative concept for the analysis of while loops, explore its attributes, and its relationship ...

We examine a corpus of reflective tutorial dialogues between human tutor and student after the student completed introductory physics problems, to predict when the tutor abstracted from the student’s preceding turn or when the tutor specialized from the student’s preceding turn. Tutor abstraction occurs when the tutor repeats a segment of the student’s turn using more general terms. Tutor speci...

BACKGROUND Prices are an important determinant of food choices. Consequently, food price policies (subsidies and/or taxes) are proposed to improve the nutritional quality of diets. The aim of the present study was to explore the impact of food price policies on the expenditures and nutritional quality of the food baskets chosen by low- and medium-income households. METHODS Experimental econom...

Recent large-scale RNA sequencing efforts have revealed the extensive diversity of mRNA molecules produced from most eukaryotic coding genes, which arises from the usage of alternative, cryptic or non-canonical splicing and intronic polyadenylation sites. The prevailing view regarding the tremendous diversity of coding gene transcripts is that mRNA processing is a flexible and more-or-less nois...

It is known that future cellular communication systems must meet an ever increasing demand for mobile data rates, i.e. must consequently improve spectral efficiency. Two degrees of freedom to address this issue are to use a denser deployment or introduce cooperation between base stations. This paper introduces models to capture both achievable rates and the costs connected to these two options ...