INTRODUCTION Elimination of kala-azar is planned for South Asia requiring good surveillance along with other strategies. We assessed surveillance in Gaffargaon upazila (a subdistrict of 13 unions) of Mymensingh district, Bangladesh highly endemic for kala-azar. METHODS In 4703 randomly sampled households, within nine randomly sampled villages, drawn from three randomly sampled unions, we acti...

virulence of blastospores and conidia of the fungus metarhizium anisopliae were investigatedon different instar nymphs and adults of sunn pest, eurygater integriceps. experiments werecarried out through a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design of threereplications. the bioassays were performed through immersion method. results revealedsignificant differences among virulence of ...

When alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv Apica) plants grown at room temperature are transferred to 2 degrees C, the temperature at which 50% of the plants fail to survive (LT50) decreases from -6 to -14 degrees C during the first 2 weeks but then increases to -9 degrees C during the subsequent 2 weeks. However, when plants are kept for 2 weeks at 2 degrees C and then transferred to -2 degrees C for...

11 Summary Despite the fact that anemia is one of the most striking clinical features of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar), the factors involved in the pathogenesis are not fully understood. The cause of anemia seen in these patients is often multifactorial including sequestration and destruction of the erythrocytes in the enlarged spleen, hemophagocytosis and alterations in erythrocyte membra...

Enteric fever(l) and Kala-azar (vis-ceral leishmaniasis) are endemic, in and around Patna. Kala-azar usually has an indolent course but it can present as an acute disease with fever, anorexia and vomiting(2,3). At times both the diseases are so closely similar in their presentation , that differential diagnosis is not always clear, Widal test, inspite of its limitations and fallacies is still w...

Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) occurs after kala-azar treatment and acts as a durable infection reservoir. On the basis of active case finding among 22,699 respondents, 813 (3.6%) had had kala-azar since 2002, of whom 79 (9.7%) developed PKDL. Eight additional patients with PKDL had no history of kala-azar. Annual kala-azar incidence peaked at 85 cases per 10,000 person-years in 200...

paste of big head carp fish was prepared based on three formulas and was selected base on organoleptic properties test results. the product was then divided into three portions of: sample 1 (control), sample 2 (containing 0.01% butylated hydroxy anisole bha antioxidant) and sample 3 (containing 0.02% antioxidant bha). to determine the shelf life, the samples were frozen and kept in cold storage...