Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is known to be crucial for the development of peripheral vestibular neurons. However, the maturation profile of the BDNF signal transducing receptor, tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) in functionally activated otolith-related vestibular nuclear neurons of postnatal rats remains unexplored. In the present study, conscious Sprague-Dawley rats (P4 to adult) were sub...

Epilepsy is among the most common disorders of the central nervous system and there is not an absolute method for its treatment. It has been shown that each seizure has a depressing effect on the following seizure. Thus, finding the mechanisms responsible in this phenomenon can improve our knowledge toward new ways for epilepsy treatment. In this study, the role of adenosine A1 receptors in ...

Multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome (OHSS) are the most serious complications of ovarian stimulation and IVF. Indeed, they are more or less the only ones. OHSS can effectively be prevented in three stages: Before stimulation, during stimulation and at ET. Before stimulation patients should be assessed as to age, the ovarian follicular count and/or anti mullerian hormone ...

Background: The interaction between antiepileptic drugs and brain electrical stimulation is a potential therapy to control of seizures in patient with pharmacoresistance to drugs. So, the aim of present study was designed to determine the effect of a sub effective dose of sodium valproate combined with low-frequency electrical stimulation during kindling. Material and Methods: One tripolar ele...

conclusions these results suggest that toxins induce inflammatory responses, particularly through expression of chemokine. recombinant stx and native toxin induced apoptosis by balancing between different pro- and anti-apoptotic bcl-2 family-factors in epithelial cells. in this study, for the first time, recombinant and native stx induction of apoptotic factors and stimulation of immune respons...

Sacral stimulation is a well-established therapy for urologic neuromodulation. After the advent of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) stimulation, pain surgeons have started to reach this target mostly pelvic and sacral pain. For those without good surgical experience, foramen puncture, especially S3 S4, can be challenge, due its entry angle limited C-arm image resolution. In report, we describe new te...

Background and Aim: The present study aimed to use the median nerve compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude by stimulation at the palm instead of abductor pollicis brevis (APB) needle electromyography (EMG) for determining a sign of axonal loss in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Methods and Materials/Patients: This study was performed on 180 patients with CTS referred to ...