Unlike external fixators, the use of solid intramedullary lengthening nails is restricted to defined anatomical preconditions, such as an adequate bone length. Furthermore, all deformity corrections except the lengthening procedure have to be implemented intraoperatively and cannot be adjusted postoperatively. Conversely, even complex deformity corrections can be performed using intramedullary ...

I am very pleased to see Donahoe, Palmer, and Burgos foster this important discussion with a very clear and cogent paper. I find their reasoning inescapable that environment–behavior relations are what is always conditioned. My own computer model of operant behavior is built on the same assumptions (Hutchison, 1984, 1985, 1995, 1997; Stephens & Hutchison, 1993), and the many simulations I have ...

This paper describes our efforts to investigate factors in user’s browsing behavior to automatically evaluate web pages that the user shows interest in. To evaluate web pages automatically, we developed a client-side logging/analyzing tool: the GINIS Framework. We do not focus on just clicking, scrolling, navigation, or duration of visit alone, but we propose integrating these patterns of inter...

Bronchodilators are the first line therapy during acute asthmatic exacerbations to reverse airway obstruction primarily by relaxing airway smooth muscle. Only three categories of bronchodilators exist in clinical practice: β-adrenergic agonists, anticholinergics, and methylxanthines. Each of these categories have specific drugs dating back to the early 20th century, raising the question of whet...

It has been almost a quarter of a century since the belief of the non–existence metallic state or the non-occurrence of metal-insulator transition for a two–dimensional system in the zero magnetic field was accepted. Nevertheless, during the last decade atypical behavior in semiconductor samples suggested the possibility of those transitions in two dimensions. In this essay we will review some ...

“Molecular signatures” or “gene-expression signatures” are a key feature in many studies that use microarray data in cancer research (e.g., Alizadeh et al., 2000; Golub et al., 1999; Pomeroy et al., 2002; Rosenwald et al., 2002; Shipp et al., 2002). Shaffer et al. (2001, p. 375) refer to signatures as“(...) genes that are coordinately expressed in samples related by some identifiable criterion ...

Conventional cardiovascular risk assessment is based on traditional risk factors such as serum cholesterol concentrations (cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol) and blood pressure levels. It is becoming increasingly clear that the newer laboratory measures may help to refine risk estimates in the general population. In a recent publication of the MONICA (Monitoring of Trends and Determ...