BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted pathogens. This observational study was conducted to estimate the trend of hospitalization for genital warts (GWs) in the Veneto region (Italy) from 2004 to 2015. METHODS All patients with GWs were identified in the hospital discharge records of all public and accredited private hospitals that related to Vene...

OBJECTIVE To construct a simple clinical scoring system for evaluation of vulval lesions that will be helpful in clinically detecting the premalignant or malignant lesions of vulva. METHODS Seventy women referred for vulval examination at a tertiary care centre in north India were examined over a period of 2 years. Biopsy was performed in 66 consenting women. Association of high-grade vulval ...

Abstract Vulvovaginal lichen planus is a type of chronic inflammatory dermatosis the vulva, usually seen as part widespread planus. The common clinical types vulval include papulosquamous, erosive, and pigmented types. Hypertrophic vulva rare entity. We report case hypertrophic

During induction of the Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodite vulva by the anchor cell of the gonad, six multipotent vulval precursor cells (VPCs) have two distinct fates: three VPCs generate the vulva and the other three VPCs generate nonspecialized hypodermis. Genes that control the fates of the VPCs in response to the anchor cell signal are defined by mutations that cause all six VPCs to gene...

Caenorhabditis elegans vulval development provides an important paradigm for studying the process of cell fate determination and pattern formation during animal development. Although many genes controlling vulval cell fate specification have been identified, how they orchestrate to generate a robust and invariant pattern of cell fates is not yet completely understood. Here, we have developed a ...

To compare vulva development mechanisms in the nematode Oscheius sp. 1 to those known in Caenorhabditis elegans, we performed a genetic screen for vulva mutants in Oscheius sp. 1 CEW1. Here we present one large category of mutations that we call cov, which affect the specification of the Pn.p ventral epidermal cells along the antero-posterior axis. The Pn.p cells are numbered from 1 to 12 from ...

OBJECTIVE To measure the long-term impact of surgical treatment for vulval cancer upon health-related quality of life and pelvic floor outcomes during the first year of therapy. METHODS Prospective, longitudinal, mixed-methods study. Twenty-three women aged >18 years with a new diagnosis of vulval cancer were recruited. The EORTC QLQ C30, SF-36 and an electronic pelvic floor assessment questi...

Vulval fibroadenoma is an extremely rare entity seen in women of the age group 20-80 years. Only 50 cases ectopic benign mammary tissue have been reported medical literature, with vulva being second most common extra-mammary site. We report a case 44 years old female, para 2 live 2, who presented initially endophytic swelling her for 6-7 months, which became exophytic since associated pain 1 mo...

Genetic and developmental architecture may bias the mutationally available phenotypic spectrum. Although such asymmetries in the introduction of variation may influence possible evolutionary trajectories, we lack quantitative characterization of biases in mutationally inducible phenotypic variation, their genotype-dependence, and their underlying molecular and developmental causes. Here we quan...