A significant challenge for neuroscientists is to determine how both electrical and chemical signals affect the activity of cells and circuits and how the nervous system subsequently translates that activity into behavior. Remote, bidirectional manipulation of those signals with high spatiotemporal precision is an ideal approach to addressing that challenge. Neuroscientists have recently develo...

The genus Boswellia is one of the 17 genera belonging to Burseraceae family. In this study resin of Boswellia carteri birdwoodcollected or purchased from Tehram herbal Market as a food and non-food for chemical analysis. The essential oils of the resins of Boswellia carteri birdwoodobtained by different methods of distillation (water distillation, steam distillation and hydro-steam distillation...

The petroleum ether extract of the oleo-gum-resin of Boswellia carteri Bird., the chloroformic successive extract of the oleo-gum-resin of Commiphora myrrha Engl. as well as the prepared volatile contents from both resins showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in carragennan-induced edema in rats. Phytochemical investigation of the volatile fractions was carried out using GC/MS and revea...

Condensed and late-replicating interphase chromatin in the Dipertan insect Chironomus contains a divergent type of histone H1 with an inserted KAP-KAP repeat that is conserved in single H1 variants of Caenorhabditis elegans and Volvox carteri. H1 peptides comprising the insertion interact specifically with DNA. The Chironomid Glyptotendipes exhibits a corresponding correlation between the prese...

Extensins (EXTs) are a family of plant cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) that are implicated to play important roles in plant growth, development, and defense. Structurally, EXTs are characterized by the repeated occurrence of serine (Ser) followed by three to five prolines (Pro) residues, which are hydroxylated as hydroxyproline (Hyp) and glycosylated. Some EXTs have Tyrosine...

The highly regular pattern in which approximately 2000 small somatic cells and 16 large reproductive cells (or 'gonidia') are arranged in a typical asexual adult of Volvox carteri can be traced back to a stereotyped program of embryonic cleavage divisions. After five symmetrical divisions have produced 32 cells of equal size, the anterior 16 cells cleave asymmetrically, to produce one small som...

Vitamin B(12) (cobalamin) is a dietary requirement for humans because it is an essential cofactor for two enzymes, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and methionine synthase (METH). Land plants and fungi neither synthesize or require cobalamin because they do not contain methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, and have an alternative B(12)-independent methionine synthase (METE). Within the algal kingdom, approximately...