As the essential cause of shock in acute haemorrhage is the resulting low blood volume, the restoration of blood volume by transfusion is the most important step in treatment. Intravenous saline or glucose-saline infusions are inadequate as their effect is only transitory, although they are a valuable supplementary when dehydration complicates the picture. Definite indications for transfusion a...

This paper presents the results of experimental studies on Q-switched flash-lamp pumped Nd:YAG and Er:glass lasers with resonators formed by volume Bragg gratings. This novel design results in single-frequency mode operation with millijoules pulse energy. The mode selection is performed only by volume Bragg gratings that dramatically simplifies laser design.

BACKGROUND Similarly to systolic pressure variation (SPV), pulse pressure variation (PPV) and stroke volume variation (SVV) derived from arterial pulse contour analysis have been shown to reflect fluid responsiveness in ventilated patients. However, unlike the SPV, both PPV and SVV have not been validated during extreme hypovolaemia. The aim of the present study was to examine whether these new...

The digital plethysmograph is a secondary output of the pulse oximeter, which is commonly used to measure arterial blood saturation (SaO2)61. Digital plethysmography provides noninvasive, continuous, and real-time measurement of arterial pressure with infrared light transmitted through a digit (finger or toe)62. This technique acquires the digital volume pulse (DVP), a waveform that estimates p...

A pulse oximeter is a medical device that indirectly monitors or measure the oxygen saturation of a patient's blood (as opposed to measuring oxygen saturation directly through a blood sample) and changes in blood volume in the skin, producing a photoplethysmogram. The pulse oximeter may be included into a multi parameter patient monitor. This also displays the pulse rate. There are many portabl...

Non-invasive physiological monitors are important subsystems of intensive care informatic systems. New innovative information methods and technology are presented for non-invasive human brain volumetric pulse wave physiological monitoring. Experimental study of a new, non-invasive ultrasonic intracranial pulse wave monitoring technology show the reactions of non-invasively recorded intracranial...

The accuracy and clinical utility of preload indexes as bedside indicators of fluid responsiveness in patients after cardiac surgery is controversial. This study evaluates whether respiratory changes (Delta) in the preejection period (PEP; DeltaPEP) predict fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients. Sixteen postcoronary artery bypass surgery patients, deeply sedated under mechani...

Doppler devices can provide clinically useful information about blood flow. This paper describes how a pulse-Doppler instrument has been linked to a B-scan machine so that flow patterns in any ultrasonically accessible vessel can be monitored from the skin surface. The same transducer is used for both modes of investigation to enable accurate and reliable positioning of the sample-volume. After...

Historical Aspects The reduction in pulse volume during inspiration was first described by Lomer in 1669 in constrictive pericarditis1. A similar finding was described by Floyer and later by William in 1850 in bronchial asthma1. Adolf Kussmaul (Freiberg, Germany) coined the term “pulsus paradoxus” in 1873 in three patients with constrictive pericarditis. The “paradox” was: (1) the discrepancy b...

Digital Signal Processing techniques for ground surveillance RADAR has been thoroughly investigated and optimized for an improved detection of target. Using the established techniques like Pulse compression, Fast Fourier Transform and Windowing, the present work optimizes the selection of pulse coding techniques, window type and different filters.The work proposes techniques to mitigate inheren...