This article provides an update about catecholamine metabolism, with emphasis on correcting common misconceptions relevant to catecholamine systems in health and disease. Importantly, most metabolism of catecholamines takes place within the same cells where the amines are synthesized. This mainly occurs secondary to leakage of catecholamines from vesicular stores into the cytoplasm. These store...

Vesicular transporters regulate the amount and type of neurotransmitter sequestered into synaptic vesicles and, hence, the kind of signal transmitted to postsynaptic neurons. Glutamate is the prominent excitatory neurotransmitter in retina; GABA and glycine are the main inhibitory neurotransmitters. Little is known about the ontogeny of vesicular neurotransmission in retina. We investigated exp...

Low-level lead (Pb) exposure is associated with behavioral and cognitive dysfunction, but it is not clear how Pb produces these behavioral changes. Pb has been shown to alter auditory temporal processing in both humans and animals. Auditory temporal processing occurs in the superior olivary complex (SOC) in the brainstem, where it is an important component in sound detection in noisy environmen...

Bai, Liqun, Xiaohong Zhang, and Fayez K. Ghishan. Characterization of vesicular glutamate transporter in pancreatic and -cells and its regulation by glucose. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 284: G808–G814, 2003. First published November 20, 2002; 10.1152/ajpgi.00333. 2002.—Glutamate has been suggested to play an important role in the release of insulin and glucagon from pancreatic cells...

Although vesicular trafficking is essential for a large variety of cellular processes, the regulation of vesicular trafficking is still poorly understood. Members of the Rho family of small GTPases have recently emerged as important control elements of many stages of vesicular trafficking, providing new insight into the regulation of these events. We will discuss the diverse roles played by Rho...

This paper provides an analysis of microfluidic techniques for the production of nanoscale lipid-based vesicular systems. In particular we focus on the key issues associated with the microfluidic production of liposomes. These include, but are not limited to, the role of lipid formulation, lipid concentration, residual amount of solvent, production method (including microchannel architecture), ...

2. Escobar A. The pathology of neurocysticercosis. In cysticercosis of Central nervous system. Placio E Robriguez Carabasal I, Taveras J (eds). Spring field IL; CC Thomas, 1983;27-54. Fig. 2 : MRI brain sagittal section hypointense T1 image showing multiple vesicular stage neurocysticercosis Fig. 1 : MRI brain transverse section hypointense T1 image showing multiple vesicular stage neurocystice...

Brown alga, Turbinaria conoides was successively extracted with n-hexane, cyclohexane, methanol and ethanol:water (1:1). The extracts were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal activities by disc diffusion method. Minimal inhibitory concentration was determined for active extracts by broth dilution method. The antiviral activity and cytotoxicity of the extracts were tested in human embryon...