Fixed operating costs draw a sharp distinction between endogenous growth based on horizontal and vertical innovation: a larger number of product lines puts pressure on an economy’s resources; greater productivity of existing product lines does not. Consequently, the only plausible engine of endogenous growth is vertical innovation whereby progress along the quality or cost ladder does not requi...

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Orthodontists generally agree that nonextraction treatment is associated with downward and backward rotation of the mandible and an increase in the lower anterior face height (LAFH). They also agree that extraction line of treatment is associated with upward and forward rotation of the mandible and decrease in the LAFH. The intent of this cephalometric investigation was to e...

Moment-resisting frames have extensive usage in earthquake-prone areas and high ability in energy dissipation.After the earthquake in Northridge 1994,Kobe 1995 fixed connections of steel structures have shown poor performance and generally they were caught brittle fracture of beam flange weld to the column.In order to remedy to avoid similar situations in future earthquakes,researchers introduc...

The esthetic and functional rehabilitation of severely worn dentition and partial edentulism is probably one of the most intellectually and technically demanding tasks faced by the restorative dentist. The severe wear of teeth and missing teeth has multiple implications in relation to loss of anterior guidance, reduction of vertical dimension and disfigurement of the occlusal plane. Hence, rest...

Social comparison involves positioning the self relative to others on a vertical or status dimension (ranging from upward to downward comparisons) and a horizontal or solidarity dimension (ranging from contrastive to connective comparisons). Across 3 studies in which 389 undergraduates recorded everyday social comparisons (n = 4,417), downward and connective comparisons were rated as more helpf...

Amelogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary disorder that affects enamel on primary and permanent teeth. It is a rare dental disease but represents a major restorative challenge for the dentist. A 14-year-old boy presented with sensitive, discolored, and mutilated teeth and a decreased vertical dimension of occlusion. The aim of treatment was to reduce dental sensitivity, to restore esthetics, and ...

We demonstrate the use of neareld scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) for the measurement of the beam properties of SQW-GRINSCH ridge laser diodes. Using NSOM, we measure the eld intensity in the transverse plane at neareld and as a function distance from the facet. The divergence of the laser beam and the beam waists in vertical and lateral dimensions are directly measured and the astigmatism o...

overlay removable partial denture can be used as an interim prosthesis for the patients who have lost their occlusal vertical dimension due to moderate to severe attrition resulting in functional and esthetic problems. This prosthesis is believed to allow neuromuscular adjustments to a newly adjusted VDO and also to observe the function and esthetics. ORPDs provide reversible and relatively ine...

background and aims. clinical studies on dimensional changes of supraosseous gingiva (sog) following crown lengthening surgery have yielded different results. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the alterations in sog dimension following crown lengthening surgery. materials and methods. this clinical study included 20 patients with 20 teeth needing surgical exposure for proper restorat...

This mixed, single-double blind study examined the effect of a stepwise increase in vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) on the isometric strength of cervical flexor and deltoid muscles in 20 asymptomatic females with deep bite (age range 20-40 years). Vertical dimension of occlusion was increased by mandibular acrylic bite plates, 2, 4, 6 and 12 mm. Subjects were instructed to bite while resi...