Three newborn calves were affected by caudal spinal dysgenesis or agenesis (coccygeal vertebra) and persistent cloaca. The cloacas were lined by a mixture of transitional and colonic epithelium. The vertebral column of one calf was internalized into the cloaca. The association of persistent cloaca and caudal spinal anomalies is thought to be related to cell loss in the caudal cell mass, which a...

Objective: Silybum marianum has been used for centuries in herbal medicine for treatment of liver diseases. Currently, there is no data available on the possible effects of silymarin on fetal development. This study aimed to investigate the teratogenic effect of silymarin on BALB/c mice fetuses. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 pregnant mice were divided into 4 groups of 10 mice each. Three...

Currently, there is no consensus on how to determine the optimal dose of intrathecal bupivacaine for an individual undergoing an elective cesarean section. In this study, we developed a regression equation between intrathecal 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine volume and abdominal girth and vertebral column length, to determine a suitable block level (T5) for elective cesarean section patients.In phas...

Vertebral column degeneration is among the most common disorders. It causes significant losses due to worsening quality of life and work absenteeism. Because it also affects also people at production age it generates considerable direct and indirect costs. For instance, according to Rutkow in the USA, the yearly cost of treatment of this disorder in the 1980s was $ 16 billion [1]. Degeneration ...

The vertebrate body is supported by the vertebral column, a series of segmental skeletal elements that provide both stability and mobility. The development of the axial skeleton is a multistep process starting with the formation of somites from the unsegmented paraxial mesoderm on both sides of the neural tube. Shortly after formation, the somites compartmentalise to generate dermomyotomes and ...

Fractures at the thoracolumbar junction are the most common spinal column fractures. Among type C fractures in the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen Spine Classification, cases with complete fracture-dislocations of the spinal column often result in a critical neurological deficit despite surgical treatment. We present a case of an 18-year-old man who had a complete fracture-dislocati...

The development of distinct regions in the amniote vertebral column results from somite formation and Hox gene expression, with the adult morphology displaying remarkable variation among lineages. Mammalian regionalization is reportedly very conservative or even constrained, but there has been no study investigating vertebral count variation across Amniota as a whole, undermining attempts to un...

SUMMARY Vertebral hemangiomas are very common abnormalities involving human spinal column. Two different kinds of these lesions, symptomatic and asymptomatic hemangiomas are noted in the spine. The asymptomatic ones are found incidentally in spinal imaging investigations and don not need any theraputic action. The symptomatic hemangiomas, which are not as usual as former one but, causes signif...

In the setting of spinal trauma, the bone, ligaments, spinal cord, and vascular structures may be injured. Anatomically, the vertebral bony spine can be divided into structural columns. The cervical spine is traditionally divided into two columns— anterior and posterior. The anterior column consists of the load-bearing vertebral bodies, intervertebral disks, anterior longitudinal ligament, and ...